Delving into the necessary and unsurprising instrumentalization of citizenship, this chapter looks at the role it plays in global inequalities. It shows how unsurprising the instrumental twist is and how investment migration is almost unavoidable. In this context, investment migration offers just one of many ways available to the losers of the birthright lottery to upgrade their initial status assignment.

The Epilogue summarizes some key general principles to guide the knowledge co-production process as outlined in the Introduction and individual chapters in the book. To create the new intellectual space for rethinking co-production, it is important to view it as a special path, quite different from the previous agenda of documenting Indigenous people’s knowledge for environmental, management and climate mitigation purposes. Its guiding definition is co-production, as being repeatedly argued by Indigenous constituencies worldwide. The Epilogue also addresses the issues of geographic, cultural and historical inequalities in practising co-production and in the acceptance (inclusion) of its outcomes by agencies, governments and academic science. In the early 21st century, knowledge co-production remains an actively ‘negotiated’ process, whose emerging parameters are to influence its eventual application and outcomes.

This chapter examines contemporary anti-immigrant practices around the globe. We argue that apartheid as an ideology that distributes resources and privileges according to place of birth, race, and ethnicity of immigrants, persists. We also demonstrate how, under this new global organization, immigrants are vulnerable in their own countries due to the neoliberal practices imposed by unfair relations between the Global North and the Global South. We illustrate how, as a result of unequal relations between north and south and restrictive migration policies, immigrants are highly vulnerable during their journey and when they eventually arrive at their destinations. Global apartheid promotes racial inequities and violates basic norms of justice, human rights, democracy, and racial equality. These practices create islands of wealth where only certain groups can enjoy privileges and rights. This paradigm is based on the presumption that privileges and resources can be allocated according to place of birth, race, and ethnicity.