Maternal body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) impacts both the mother’s and the child’s health, and epigenetic modifications have been suggested to mediate some of these effects in offspring. This systematic review aimed to summarize the current literature on associations between maternal BMI and GWG and epigenetic marks. We performed systematic searches in PubMed and EMBASE and manual searches of reference lists. We included 49 studies exploring the association between maternal BMI and/or GWG and DNA methylation or miRNA; 7 performed in maternal tissues, 13 in placental tissue and 38 in different offspring tissues. The most consistent findings were reported for the relationship between maternal BMI, in particular pre-pregnant BMI, and expression of miRNA Let-7d in both maternal blood and placental tissue, methylation of the gene HIF3A in umbilical cord blood and umbilical tissue, and with expression in the miR-210 target gene, BDNF in placental tissue and cord blood. Correspondingly, methylation of BDNF was also found in placental tissue and cord blood. The current evidence suggests that maternal BMI is associated with some epigenetic signatures in the mother, the placenta and her offspring, which could indicate that some of the effects proposed by the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease-hypothesis may be mediated by epigenetic marks. In conclusion, there is a need for large, well-designed studies and meta-analyses that can clarify the relationship between BMI, GWG and epigenetic changes.

The maternal weight gain chart proposed by Rosso and Mardones (RM) was subsequently modified by Atalah et al. (AEA). Both charts are widely used in Latin America. The purpose of this study was to compare birth length (BL) and birth weight (BW) outcomes of both charts. A prospective study of pregnant women and their offspring’s was performed in Santiago, Chile. From a total sample of 27,613 pregnant women a sub-sample of 11,465 term healthy singleton pregnant women was selected for additional analyses. κ statistics was used to study the degree of agreement of both charts in the diagnosis of maternal nutritional status. Obese and underweight women were classified using both standards at the beginning of pregnancy and compared in terms of BL<50 cm, BW<3000 g and BW>4250 g proportions. Sensitivity and specificity values of at risk newborns, whose categories were considered as gold standard, were obtained for obese and underweight women of each chart. There was a moderate agreement in the nutritional classification of these charts. Proportions of BL<50 cm and both BW<3000 g and>4250 g were similar at each nutritional category; however, absolute figures for at risk newborns were much higher in the RM underweight and obese women. The RM chart showed higher sensitivity values than the AEA chart. The higher sensitivity of the RM chart would support its use for prevention purposes. This chart is advisable for Latin American countries and also for most developing countries.

We aimed to analyze the characteristics of development of relative weight in Japanese triplets from birth until 12 years of age. Data were collected through a mailed questionnaire sent to mothers of triplets asking for information recorded in medical records. Altogether we had information on 1,061 triplet children of 354 mothers born between 1978 and 2006. For these births, data on triplets’ height and weight growth, gestational age, sex, parity, and maternal age at delivery were obtained from records in the maternal and child health handbooks and records from the schools where children receive health check-ups. In addition, information on maternal height and weight was obtained. Triplets have a lower ponderal index at birth and lower body mass index (BMI) compared with the general population until 12 years of age, except for the period during 1 and 3 years of age. Moreover, birth weight had the strongest contribution to BMI of triplets until 6 years of age. After 9 years of age, maternal BMI was a significant factor affecting BMI of triplets.

We analyzed the characteristics associated with the growth in weight of Japanese triplets from birth to 12 years of age. The study included 376 mothers and their 1,128 triplet children, who were born between 1978 and 2006. Data were collected through a mailed questionnaire sent to the mothers asking for information recorded in medical records. For these births, data on triplets’ weight growth, gestational age, sex, parity, maternal age at delivery, maternal height, and maternal body mass index were obtained from records in the Maternal and Child Health Handbooks and records in the school where children receive health check-ups. The weight deficit of the triplets compared to the general population of Japan remained between 10% and 17% until 12 years of age. Moreover, at 12 years of age, the differences of weight between the general population and triplets were approximately –4.75 kg for boys and –6.00 kg for girls. Very low birth weight had the strongest contribution to body weight until 8 years of age. After 8 years of age, maternal body mass index was a significant factor affecting the weight of triplets until 12 years of age.