For many years, the reality about the role of women in American and southern history remained the absence of scholarship about women and the absence of women in the profession. The journey of women into the world of professional historians involved overcoming many stereotypes and prejudices. A few women emerged as professional historians who made major contributions into new areas of scholarship as early as the post-World War II years, but the ratio of women to men only began to increase in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Economist Claudia Goldin identified a “quiet revolution” of women entering the history profession between 1950 and 1970, which then exploded as women rushed into the profession in force during the 1970s. The influx of talented women opened new fields of study (women, family, social history topics, etc.). This chapter examines the influence of women who shaped new areas of study while also offering new perspectives on longstanding questions of broad scholarly interest.

Providing all students with an opportunity to be successful is at the core of education. But is that motto truly carried out in the actions and practices of schools. This case study examines the practice of tracking as it relates to Gifted and Talented programs.

Theoretical suppositions of business crisis in the literature are largely drawn from studies conducted in North America and Western Europe. Chapter 6, on the other hand, examines a Chinese approach to crisis. Based on the notion of paradoxical integration, this approach informs not only crisis management in China and East Asia, but potentially has general application. In this conceptualization, crisis is not necessarily treated as a consequence of discord or disruption, but rather is understood as an aspect or phase of an unfolding process, even in the most difficult circumstances. This approach, then, offers a course toward future business success even in the face of significant loss, without suffering desperation or self-destruction. Three strategies which entrepreneurs adopt to crisis are examined in the chapter, namely, the combination of the old with the new, or path dependence; second, seeking facilitating relationships with other members of a business community, or guanxi accommodation; and finally, reordering priorities and available resources, including familial and personal, or self-reflexivity.

Chapter three concerns the role and influence of politics and other intangible elements in modern warfare. This is taken from a historical perspective with the philosophy of great military strategy thinkers such as Sun Tzu, Niccolo Macchiavelli and Carl von Clausewitz, and the influence of their ideas on the contemporary information war battlefield that runs parallel to physical wars.

Quentin Skinner offers a powerful new interpretation of Hobbes’ understanding of time, and its implications for Christian belief and for politics. For Hobbes time is merely a subjective experience of continual succession. It follows that the Christian view of eternity as a state of timelessness must be a mistake, since there can be no such state. A further consequence is that the orthodox view of the Last Judgement must likewise be mistaken. It makes no sense to think of the saved living timelessly in heaven after the Second Coming; the only possibility is that they will live endlessly on earth. Hobbes also explores two political implications of his understanding of time. One is that, if time is mere succession, it cannot have any normative significance. The Common Law view that custom can make law is thus put in question. Hobbes also discounts the political significance of learning how to act with timeliness, offering instead a view of statecraft as a matter of following rules. The chapter ends by asking whether Hobbes succeeds in presenting a coherent criticism of the view – prominent in classical and Renaissance thought – that in politics it is essential to learn how to seize opportunities.

Our attitude is something we carry around with us at all times. As the psychiatrist Victor Frankl said, “Our greatest freedom is the freedom to choose our attitude.” Our attitude is determined in large part by the focusing of our attention. If our attention is focused on losses and regrets, our attitude will be gloomy. If our attention is focused on opportunities, such as the opportunity of aging, our attitude will be more positive. This is a fundamental daily choice. Because the world is too multifaceted for us to process all possible perceptions, it is our attention which is critical for the quality of our experience. Our attitude is determined by the object of our attention. And our capacity of paying attention can be exercised and practiced every day. Viewing aging as an opportunity helps to focus the reality that what happens to us is determined in large part by what we do. Paying attention can enhance all of our reserves. Diet, physical and mental activities, and social and family contacts are all critical. Our enhancement of the four reserve factors will increase our chance to be healthy and fit as we age.

This chapter explores how the NAACP’s Crisis, the National Urban League’s Opportunity, Abbott’s Monthly and Challenge/New Challenge are representative of the more palpable literary focus on the experiences of the working classes and the poor that occurs in 1930s Black print culture. Along with novels, volumes of poetry, and coverage in the Black press more generally, these literary journals and magazines published explicit depictions of African Americans’ social conditions. As instances of how the New Negro reader of the Harlem Renaissance was recast throughout the decade, The Crisis, Opportunity, Abbott’s Monthly, and Challenge/New Challenge often targeted African Americans as working subjects and intended readers. As the chapter illustrates, the sections of literature, book reviews, editorials/criticism, and correspondence comprising these literary journalsʼ and magazinesʼ 1930s content allowed editors and writers to engage in work that both prioritized literary portrayals of African Americans’ inner lives as maids, cooks, day laborers, and the unemployed and expanded audiences for their developing literary tradition.

Building on the argument of Chapter 5, this chapter argues that the fully developed articulation of a new moral allegory of fortuna developed first in visual culture, connected with mercantile ideas about opportunity. The chapter examines the transformation of the iconography of the figure of fortuna from a distant, regal woman presiding over an ever-turning wheel to a young, alluring, naked woman grasping a sail and offering opportunity to anyone smart, fast, or lucky enough to seize her leading forelock of hair. It traces the development of this new iconography, analyzing the gendered conceptions of temporality that it relied on, and demonstrating the complex variations it which it manifested. The chapter demonstrates that the invention of this new visual image was not a simple linear progression, examining the persistence of elements of the older iconography and the Boethian moral allegory of fortuna in late sixteenth-century artworks. This again reveals the multiplicity and complexity of Renaissance ideas about the future and the absence of a straightforward linear progression from the medieval to the modern.

Like the authors on games examined in Chapter 1, sixteenth-century merchants also constructed an identity based on expertise in futurity. This chapter examines how they did so through the deployment of rich, varied, and precise vocabulary for discussing the opportunities and risk of speculating on future profits. It traces the fine-grained way that merchants discussed the passing of time, demonstrating the ways in which they thought about time and risk as commodities that could be weighed and priced. It develops on Chapter 3, however, by showing these same merchants continued to think about the future and nature of the world in profoundly religious ways, complicating notions of straightforward linear progression for medieval to modern notions of temporality.

The Innovation Pyramid segments the innovation's design from its execution. Focusing on the design first forces us to think about what we are creating before immersing ourselves into the details of how we are creating it. The design portion is further segmented into Problem Identification and Solution Formulation. The first level of The Innovation Pyramid, which is the first stage of the innovation's design, describes a procedure for identifying root causes of general situations. Like The Innovation Pyramid itself, this five-step procedure for Problem Identification is non-linear and iterative process of discovery. Steps may be skipped or repeated depending on where we start or how the process of discovery unfolds. The five-step procedure is therefore more of a guideline than a rigorous process. The guideline requires multiple changes in perspective (broadening or narrowing one's purview) and points-of-view (through who's eyes the situation is observed). Empathy is a key component necessary to remaining in the problem space long enough to uncover the situation's root cause. Given problems are associated with people, identifying the root problem also means identifying the group of people most directly impacted by the root problem.

This chapter considers the considerable theoretical difficulties posed by the UK duties to avoid conflicts of interest (Section 175 and Section 177 of the UK Companies Act). The chapter also looks at the common contractual responses to these rules and examines some theoretical problems with them.There is also an exploration of whether these theoretical problems are ever likely to create real-world problems, and suggests some ways to mitigate them, and some suggestions for policymakers.

This chapter summarizes the findings from this book and develops the framework for the analysis of under-the-radar innovation and its nature, sources and impact, as well as the policy implications from the research. It argues that Africa cannot leapfrog the 4th Industrial Revolution with the under-the-radar type of innovation. Therefore, policy responses at the national and international levels are needed to address these challenges and to build an inclusive global community. Limitations of the study and areas for future research are discussed at the end of the chapter.

This chapter analyzes migration timing. It begins by showing that there is substantial variation in civilian migration timing. Then, it explains how civilians develop motivation and opportunity to migrate. Finally, the chapter ends by showing how civilians may combine migration and community support strategies.

This chapter describes the theoretical argument in detail. It starts by discussing relevant features of civil wars, as well as scope conditions for an analysis of the Syrian civil war. Then, it discusses how civilian behavior during conflict is influenced by threat perceptions. Survival strategies are responses to threat perceptions specifically. Violent experiences in particular drive threat perceptions. These experiences are particularly likely when civilians have social proximity to perpetrators of violence. After that, it reviews existing understandings of PTSD and PTG. To connect these psychological processes to behavior, the chapter then turns to narratives and narrative ruptures. Next, it addresses how people develop opportunity to act safely. Finally, it shows how motivation and opportunity combine in order to allow civilians to select specific survival strategies.

This chapter begins by showing why armed groups perceive threats when civilians support community members. As armed groups respond, they make civilians perceive community support as dangerous. Then, it explains how civilians develop the motivation and opportunity to share information. Afterwards, it analyzes how and why civilians select specific conversation partners, particularly strong social ties, co-ethnics, and people with similar ideological views. Next, it discusses how civilians use code words when sharing information. Civilians perceive protection from this strategy of sharing information, even though the code words that they choose are often very easy to decipher.

The Introduction provides an overview of the theoretical argument and discusses the importance of the book as a whole. It opens with motivation for the book. Then, it introduces the crucial concepts of threat perceptions and repertoires of survival strategies. It then introduces the main source of evidence for the book, interviews with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Turkey. After that, it provides an overview of the book's theoretical and policy implications. Finally, it provides a road map for the book.

This chapter concludes the book. First, it summarizes the argument. It then discusses lessons for civilian protection. Next, it shows how the book's argument could extend to other cases and survival strategies. After that, it discusses how the book's argument regarding violent threat could be extended to environmental threat, as well as combinations of violent and environmental threat. Finally, the chapter ends by laying out what an overarching framework could look like that would incorporate violent and environmental threat.