Introduction. This protocol describes the production of haploid and dihaploid plants from in vitro anther cultures of M. balbisiana. The principle, key advantages, starting plant material, time required and expected results are presented. Materials and methods. This part describes the required laboratory materials, medium preparation, anther isolation and culture. Results. White, creamy calli emerge from anthers about (6 to 15) weeks after the beginning of the culture.

Introduction. The Australian almond [Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb] improvement program commenced five years ago with the main aims of developing scion and rootstock cultivars that are better adapted to local conditions, and that provide a superior product for Australian and overseas markets. Approaches used. The program has a number of approaches including breeding, virus detection and elimination, and biotechnology. The classical hybridisation approach aimed at generation of diversity is combined with research into the more targeted techniques of plant tissue culture, genetic fingerprinting, genome mapping and transformation. Cryopreservation research is important for genebank storage, and tissue culture for micropropagation of new rootstocks and for transformation. Material is screened for Prunus Necrotic Ringspot (PNRV) and Prune Dwarf (PDV) Viruses. In addition, work has commenced into identifying Australian isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum, the pathogen causing anthracnose disease of almonds. The work is conducted in collaboration with overseas research groups, to take advantage of the long experience of these programs, and to contribute to the international effort in Prunus improvement. Outcomes from the almond project. The important outcomes achieved after the first five years of the project by the research team are listed.