The rate of technological change within organizations has been fast-tracked by the recent global health crisis and shifting workplace dynamics. As many organizations decide how to best manage the implementation of new technologies, they must also consider the human response, which can facilitate the success of the overall implementation. Complementing the focus of this book (how is change perceived by recipients?), we focus on what is known about how employees respond to technological changes. In this review, we provide a retrospective account of the body of work on this topic. First, we review the types of technological changes that have been studied in relation to broader dimensions of organizational change. Second, we elaborate on theoretical perspectives that have been used, including comparing technology-specific models with broader theoretical approaches. Third, we summarize the antecedent-response relationships that have been examined. We hope that this bird’s-eye view of the field allows scholars to span disciplines and consider aspects related to the design and type of the technology, which have been largely treated as a setting, in future research.

AI harbours considerable potential to improve diagnosis and therapy, enhance access to healthcare, and promote population health. AI-enabled healthcare is increasingly seen as part of the solution needed to address the growing gap between the supply and demand of hospital care. AI is well placed to help us tackle new challenges, though these novel applications are likely to render technology implementation even more complex. Yet, many hospitals within the EU are unprepared for this change. Historically, hospitals have faced multiple challenges when implementing new technologies. This chapter discusses the importance of AI readiness and highlights the benefits and limitations of a new policy tool: an AI Readiness Index for Hospitals (AI-RIH). We conceptualise AI readiness from an organisational perspective and discuss the dual functionality of the AI-RIH. For hospital managers, it could serve as a benchmarking tool. For policy-makers, it can help create targeted technology policies and measure their effectiveness. This chapter also discusses the conceptual challenges of indices and illustrates why a hospital index might provide more policy insights than an aggregated or national index. Finally, we explain how AI readiness can strengthen hospitals’ role as innovators and support the development and deployment of AI.