Chapter 9, Where and how to place (June 8 - June 13) the question of the placement of the government loan comes front and center. Since the second BIS loan to ANB is conditional upon the placement of the bond loan, the National Bank is increasingly under pressure and the money supply has increased as it has rediscounted for the Credit Anstalt. The CA has no more solid collateral and ANB is losing foreign exchange at an increasing rate. Meantime, Hungary is also suffering from capital flight and the nervousness over contagion and the psychology of the crisis is increasing. The conflicts between the Austrian government and the central banks increases and information is still very hard to come by, all of which contributes to the uncertainty of the situation.

The focus of this chapter is Francophone Haitian women writers. These are writers who are bound by a common idiom, French and/or Creole, and who share similar concerns. What is to be ascertained is whether they occupy a territory in which literature acquires its full meaning. Given the dominance of male writers in Haitian literature, women writers may appear as marginal figures or minor voices. However, what this chapter demonstrates is that women writers have, over many years, challenged the status quo by simply being present and making their voices heard. They offer a female-centered perspective on the tensions and contradictions of Haitian society and, as such, open new doors to imagination. Dealing with such themes as love, loss, otherness, memory, and empathy, Haitian women writers have effectively affirmed the humanistic value of literature. The term écriture de l’urgence, coined by Yanick Lahens to define Haitian literature in general, acquires a special meaning when considering women authors. Urgency does not equate haste. Rather, it refers to the direct confrontation of the writer with reality, history, and the endless possibilities of language.

The chapter provides a thorough analysis of the Court’s jurisdiction to order provisional measures and its procedure. The author identifies an evolution in the Court’s practice on provisional measures, with the Court most recently developing specific conditions for the indication of provisional measures. The author examines those conditions and their elaboration through the Court’s caselaw, together with the Court’s findings as to the binding effect of its provisional measures orders.

This chapter presents a quantitative analysis of directives and the variation in their syntactic forms as related to gender and power. Directives are defined as speech acts in which a speaker attempts to get the recipient to carry out or refrain from action. This chapter focuses on who gives and receives directives, and more specifically on the function of linguistic mitigation strategies and how they correlate with the gender of the speaker and addressee in Disney and Pixar films. The issuing of directives is very common in Disney and Pixar films; because they are an essential plot element, their frequency is unrelated to gender. However, the use of mitigation as a politeness strategy is strongly correlated with gender in both Disney and Pixar, independent of other important contextual variables such as urgency and institutional power (p < .01 for both data sets). In the films, male authority is shown as hierarchical, direct, and aggressive; female authority is shown as subtle, and based on persuasion, suggestion, and collaboration — a pattern which echoes research findings on real-life behavior across a number of contexts.

This chapter examines the conditions under which international tribunals may issue orders for interim measures in contentious cases in order to preserve the parties’ respective rights pending final judgment on the merits of the case. It contends that tribunals influence one another in their practice. The chapter first considers whether international tribunals can be categorised as international organisations. It starts by examining relevant jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court (ICC) which has explicitly addressed this issue and affirmed its institutional nature. Although it is not competent to entertain disputes which involve states, the view expounded by the ICC is applicable mutatis mutandis to other international courts and tribunals. Drawing on Eli Lauterpacht’s notions of cross-fertilisation and parallel instances, and employing principles of international institutional law, primarily maxims of constitutional interpretation and the doctrine of functionalism, this chapter then addresses whether these in themselves provide a foundation for a general claim that interim measures orders are binding and impose obligations on the parties to which they are addressed. This involves a close analysis of the LaGrand case. The underpinning premise is that if international tribunals are conceived as international organisations, they have a degree of autonomy in determining the parameters of their competence which is detached from the intentions of their authors. The chapter then turns to the influence exerted by the International Court’s practice concerning interim measures on that of other international tribunals in matters such as the requirements of urgency and irreparable prejudice as prerequisites for the indication of measures. It concludes by noting that this process is dynamic as developments in the practice of one court may be received by others. This is illustrated by the adoption of the notion of ‘plausibility’ by international tribunals once this criterion had been enunciated by the International Court of Justice. As a parting shot, possible normative bases for this exchange of practice are briefly canvassed.

The concluding chapter brings together key insights from each of the preceding chapters, reflecting on the analytical added value that a global political economy perspective has provided with regard to an understanding of energy transitions. The last part of the chapter speculates on possible pathways to change in light of the preceding analysis, concluding with the need to bring about shifts in power (given the title of the book) – not just transitions in technology, finance and production – and institutional reforms, however these might be shaped.

Subject to certain conditions, either party in investor–State arbitration proceedings can request that provisional measures be granted to protect specific rights until the arbitration tribunal has decided on the dispute. Focusing on the ICSID Convention Arbitration Rules and the UNCITRAL Rules of Arbitration, and analysing the relevant arbitration practice, Chapter 13 examines successively: (1) the notion of provisional measures; (2) the rights and interests that can be preserved through them; (3) the substantive conditions that shall be met for those measures to be granted; and (4) the procedural aspects of provisional measures and their legal force.

A growing number of states have started pointing to the customary doctrine of countermeasures as the most feasible unilateral remedy in the case of a malicious cyber operation carried out by an adversarial actor. Thus, the legal requirements of successfully invoking a right to resort to countermeasures are analysed in depth. In particular, the chapter deals with state policies such as 'active cyber defences' and 'hacking back' as reactions to cybersecurity incidents, and their lawfulness as countermeasures. After examining the pervasive problem of attribution in cyberspace, the states' duty to prevent malicious cyber operations emanating from their territory and the standard of due diligence in this regard are investigated. The chapter concludes with considering the invocation of countermeasures for the purpose of guarantees of non-repetition and reparation in the aftermath of a cybersecurity incident.

As serious cybersecurity incidents will likely not remain isolated and rare instances in the foreseeable future, this chapter advocates for a special emergency regime for cyberspace and proposes a number of elements such a treaty should comprise. A particular focus is on the question of ex post facto factual assessment and possibilities for multilateral, neutral, and institutionalised fact-finding mechanisms. Moreover, the question of vulnerabilities equities processes is addressed.