Book contents
- Working Class Inclusion
- Working Class Inclusion
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Introduction
- 2 A Theory of Working-Class Inclusion
- 3 Do Citizens Want to Be Represented by Workers?
- 4 Will Any Worker Do? The Role of Policy in Linking Workers’ Presence to Evaluations of Representatives
- 5 Will Any Worker Do? Linking Parties to Workers in Argentina and Mexico
- 6 How Do Citizens Know Workers Are in Office?
- 7 How Do Citizens Know Workers Are in Office?
- 8 Conclusion
- References
- Index
- References
References
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 October 2023
Book contents
- Working Class Inclusion
- Working Class Inclusion
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Introduction
- 2 A Theory of Working-Class Inclusion
- 3 Do Citizens Want to Be Represented by Workers?
- 4 Will Any Worker Do? The Role of Policy in Linking Workers’ Presence to Evaluations of Representatives
- 5 Will Any Worker Do? Linking Parties to Workers in Argentina and Mexico
- 6 How Do Citizens Know Workers Are in Office?
- 7 How Do Citizens Know Workers Are in Office?
- 8 Conclusion
- References
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Working Class InclusionEvaluations of Democratic Institutions in Latin America, pp. 224 - 249Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2023
References
Abizadeh, Arash. 2020. “Representation, Bicameralism, Political Equality, and Sortition: Reconstituting the Second Chamber as a Randomly Selected Assembly.” Perspectives on Politics 19(3): 791–806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agren, David. 2018. “Mexico: 15 fake transgender candidates disqualified from election.” The Guardian, 22 June. www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/22/mexico-elections-faketransgender-candidates-disqualified.Google Scholar
Ahler, Douglas J., Citrin, Jack, Dougal, Michael C., and Lenz, Gabriel S.. 2017. “Face Value? Experimental Evidence That Candidate Appearance Influences Electoral Choice.” Political Behavior 39(1): 77–102.Google Scholar
Alexander, Amy C. 2012. “Change in Women’s Descriptive Representation and the Belief in Women’s Ability to Govern: A Virtuous Cycle.” Politics & Gender 8(4): 437–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, Amy. C. 2015. “Big Jumps in Women’s Presence in Parliaments: Are These Sufficient for Improving Beliefs in Women’s Ability to Govern?” Advancing Women in Leadership 1(35): 82–97.Google Scholar
Alexander, Amy C., and Jalalzai, Farida. 2020. “Symbolic Empowerment and Female Heads of States and Government: A Global, Multilevel Analysis.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 8(1): 24–43.Google Scholar
Alexiadou, Despina. 2022. “Cabinet Ministers and Inequality.” European Journal of Political Research 61: 326–350.Google Scholar
Alles, Santiago, Tiffany D. Barnes, and Carolina Tchintian. 2023. The Representational Consequences of Electronic Voting Reform: Evidence from Argentina. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ámbito. 2019. “Facundo Moyano: ‘Decir que no hay que discutir nada del sistema laboral es una estupidez’” Ámbito, October 13. www.ambito.com/politica/empleo/facundo-moyano-decir-que-no-hay-que-discutir-nada-del-sistema-laboral-es-una-estupidez-n5059693 (Accessed April 9, 2021).Google Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J., and Singer, Matthew M.. 2008. “The Sensitive Left and the Impervious Right: Multilevel Models and the Politics of Inequality, Ideology and Legitimacy in Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 41(4/5): 564–599.Google Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J., and Tverdova, Yuliya V.. 2003. “Corruption, Political Allegiances, and Attitudes toward Government in Contemporary Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science 47: 91–109.Google Scholar
Anderson, Christopher, Blais, André, Bowler, Shaun, Donovan, Todd, and Listaug, Ola. 2005. Losers’ Consent: Elections and Democratic Legitimacy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Anria, Santiago, and Cyr, Jennifer. 2017. “Inside Revolutionary Parties: Coalition-Building and Maintenance in Reformist Bolivia.” Comparative Political Studies 50(9): 1255–1287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anzia, Sarah F., and Berry, Christopher R.. 2011. “The Jackie (and Jill) Robinson Effect: Why Do Congresswomen Outperform Congressmen?” American Journal of Political Science 55(3): 478–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, Brenna, Barnes, Tiffany D., O’Brien, Diana Z., and Chiba, Daina. Forthcoming. “Banking on a Woman: Banking Crises and the Selection and Survival of Women Finance Ministers.” American Political Science Review.Google Scholar
Arthur, Erin, and Díaz-Campos, Manuel. 2012. “‘Por ahí agarrábanos los autobuses’: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of the Alternation between-mos/-nos in Spanish.” In 14th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Cascadilla Proceedings Project, 26–37.Google Scholar
Atkeson, Lonna Rae. 2003. “Not All Cues Are Created Equal: The Conditional Impact of Female Candidates on Political Engagement.” The Journal of Politics 65(4): 1040–1061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkeson, Lonna Rae, and Carrillo, Nancy. 2007. “More Is Better: The Influence of Collective Female Descriptive Representation on External Efficacy.” Politics & Gender 3(1): 79–101.Google Scholar
Atzeni, Maurizio, and Ghigliani, Pablo. 2008. “Nature and Limits of Trade Unions’ Mobilisations in Contemporary Argentina.” Labour Again 166: 1–13.Google Scholar
Bacon, David. 2019. “A New Day for Mexican Workers.” The Bullet. https://socialistproject.ca/2019/01/a-new-day-for-mexican-workers/ (Accessed February 17, 2020).Google Scholar
Badas, Alex, and Stauffer, Katelyn E.. 2018. “Someone Like Me: Descriptive Representation and Support for Supreme Court Nominees.” Political Research Quarterly 71(1): 127–142.Google Scholar
Badas, Alex and Stauffer, Katelyn E.. 2019. “Michelle Obama as a Political Symbol: Race, Gender, and Public Opinion towards the First Lady.” Politics & Gender 15(3): 431–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badillo, Diego. 2019. “En México el Movimiento Obrero Tiende a la Quietud Dispersa.” El Economista, October 26. www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/En-Mexico-el-movimiento-obrero-tiende-a-la-quietud-dispersa-20191026-0005.html (Accessed February 17, 2020).Google Scholar
Baker, Andy, and Ximena Velasco-Guachalla, Vania. 2018. “Is the Informal Sector Politically Different? (Null) Answers from Latin America.” World Development 102 (February): 170–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballington, Julie, and Kahane, Muriel. 2014. “Women in Politics: Financing for Gender Equality.” In Falguera, Elin, Jones, Samuel, and Ohman, Magnus, eds. Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns: A Handbook on Political Finance. Sweden: International IDEA, 300–343.Google Scholar
Banducci, Susua A., Donovan, Todd, and Karp, Jeffrey A.. 2004. “Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation.” Journal of Politics 66(2): 534–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bárcena Juárez, Sergio, and Kerevel, Yann P.. 2022. “Legislative Effectiveness in Multiparty Presidential Systems: Evidence from Mexico’s Chamber of Deputies.” Journal of Politics 84(4): 2216–2229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Tiffany D. 2014. “Women’s Representation and Legislative Committee Appointments: The Case of the Argentine Provinces.” Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política 23(2): 135–163.Google Scholar
Barnes, Tiffany D. 2016. Gendering Legislative Behavior: Institutional Constraints and Collaboration. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Tiffany D., and Córdova, Abby. 2016. “Making Space for Women: Explaining Citizen Support for Legislative Gender Quotas in Latin America.” The Journal of Politics 78(3): 670–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Tiffany D., and Rangel, Gabriela. 2014. “Election Law Reform in Chile: The Implementation of Automatic Registration and Voluntary Voting.” Election Law Journal 13(4): 570–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Tiffany D., and Saxton, Gregory W.. 2019. “Working-Class Legislators and Perceptions of Representation in Latin America.” Political Research Quarterly 72(4): 910–928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Tiffany D. and Jones, Mark. 2018. “Women’s Representation in the Argentine National and Subnational Governments.” In Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie, ed., Women, Representation, and Politics in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press, 121–139.Google Scholar
Barnes, Tiffany D., and Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M.. 2018. “Women Cabinet Ministers in Highly Visible Posts and Empowerment of Women: Are the Two Related?” In Alexander, Amy, Bolzendahl, Catherine, and Jalalzai, Farida, eds. Measuring Women’s Political Empowerment Across the Globe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 229–255.Google Scholar
Barnes, Tiffany D. and Holman, Mirya R.. 2019. “Taking Diverse Backgrounds into Account in Studies of Political Ambition and Representation.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 7(4): 829–841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Tiffany D., and Holman, Mirya R.. 2020a. “Gender Quotas, Women’s Representation, and Legislative Diversity.” The Journal of Politics 82(4): 1271–1286.Google Scholar
Barnes, Tiffany D., and Holman, Mirya R.. 2020b. “Essential Work Is Gender Segregated: This Shapes the Gendered Representation of Essential Workers in Political Office.” Social Science Quarterly 101(5): 1827–1833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Tiffany D., and Burchard, Stephanie M.. 2013. “‘Engendering’ Politics: The Impact of Descriptive Representation on Women’s Political Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Comparative Political Studies 46(7): 767–790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Tiffany D., Beaulieu, Emily, and Saxton, Gregory W.. 2018. “Restoring Trust in the Police: Why Female Officers Reduce Suspicions of Corruption.” Governance 31(1): 143–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Tiffany D., Beall, Victoria D., and Holman, Mirya R.. 2021. “Pink‐Collar Representation and Budgetary Outcomes in US States.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 46(1): 119–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barría Traverso, Diego, Araya Moreno, Eduardo, and Drouillas, Oscar. 2012. “Removed from the Bargaining Table: The CUT during the Bachelet Administration.” Latin American Perspectives 39(4): 85–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartels, Larry. 2016. Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age, Second Edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bassel, Leah, and Emejulu, Akwugo. 2010. “Struggles for Institutional Space in France and the United Kingdom: Intersectionality and the Politics of Policy.” Politics & Gender 6(4): 517–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basualdo, Victoria. 2011. “Shop-Floor Labor Organization in Argentina from Early Peronism to the ‘Proceso’ Military Dictatorship.” The Journal of Labor and Society 14(3): 305–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basurto, Jorge. 1975. El proletariado industrial en México, 1850–1930. México, DF: UNAM.Google Scholar
Bauer, Gretchen, and Darkwah, Akosua. 2019. “Some Money Has to Be Going’: Discounted Filing Fees to Bring More Women into Parliament in Ghana.” In Muriaas, Ragnhild L., Wang, Vibeke, and Murray, Rainbow, eds. Gendered Electoral Financing: Money, Power and Representation in Comparative Perspective. London: Routledge, 133–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, Nichole M. 2020. “Shifting Standards: How Voters Evaluate the Qualifications of Female and Male Candidates.” The Journal of Politics 82(1): 1–12.Google Scholar
Beach, Derek. 2016. “It’s All about Mechanisms – What Process-Tracing Case Studies Should Be Tracing.” New Political Economy 21(5): 463–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becerril, Andrea. 2019. “Obtiene la CTM siete amparos contra la reforma laboral.” La Jornada, August 4. www.jornada.com.mx/2019/08/04/politica/007n1pol (Accessed February 17, 2020).Google Scholar
Beltrán, José. 2018. “De que se trata el programa Jóvenes Construyendo el Futuro?” Yahoo Noticias, September 14. https://es-us.noticias.yahoo.com/programa-jóvenes-construyendo-futuro-100000025.html (Accessed January 14, 2023).Google Scholar
Bensusán, Graciela. 2004. “A New Scenario for Mexican Trade Unions: Changes in the Structure of Political and Economic Opportunities.” In Middlebrook, Kevin, ed., Dilemmas of Political Change in Mexico. London, UK: Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London, 237–285.Google Scholar
Bensusán, Graciela. 2016. “Organizing Workers in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico: The Authoritarian-Corporatist Legacy and Old Institutional Designs in a New Context.” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 17(1): 131–161.Google Scholar
Bernhard, Rachel. n.d. Kiss, Marry, Kill: Appearance-Based Discrimination in Politics. Unpublished Book Manuscript.Google Scholar
Bernhard, Rachel. 2022a. “Tinder Decides: Mate Desirability Influences Votes.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Bernhard, Rachel. 2022b. “The Visual Conjoint: A New Solution for Social Desirability Bias.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Bernhard, Rachel. 2022c. “Wearing the Pants (Suit)? Gendered Leadership Styles, Partisanship, and Candidate Evaluation in the 2016 US Election.” Politics & Gender 18(2): 513–545.Google Scholar
Bernhard, Rachel, and Freeder, Sean. 2020. “The More You Know: Voter Heuristics and the Information Search.” Political Behavior 42(2): 603–623.Google Scholar
Bernhard, Rachel, Shames, Shauna, and Teele, Dawn. 2021. “To Emerge? Breadwinning, Motherhood, and Women’s Decisions to Run for Office.” American Political Science Review 115(2): 379–394.Google Scholar
Besley, Timothy, Folke, Olle, Persson, Torsten, and Rickne, Johanna. 2017. “Gender Quotas and the Crisis of the Mediocre Man: Theory and Evidence from Sweden.” American Economic Review 107(8): 2204–2242.Google Scholar
Best, Heinrich. 2007. “New Challenges, New Elites? Changes in the Recruitment and Career Patterns of European Representative Elites.” Comparative Sociology 6(1): 85–113.Google Scholar
Best, Heinrich, and Cotta, Maurizio, eds. 2000. Parliamentary Representatives in Europe 1848–2000: Legislative Recruitment and Careers in Eleven European Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betz, Timm, Fortunato, David, and O’Brien, Diana Z.. 2021. “Women’s Descriptive Representation and Gendered Import Tax Discrimination.” American Political Science Review 115(1): 307–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhavnani, Rikhil R. 2017. “Do the Effects of Temporary Ethnic Group Quotas Persist? Evidence from India.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9(3): 105–123.Google Scholar
Bjarnegård, Elin. 2013. Gender, Informal Institutions and Political Recruitment: Explaining Male Dominance in Parliamentary Representation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bjornsdottir, R. Thora, and Rule, Nicholas O.. 2017. “The Visibility of Social Class From Facial Cues.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 113(4): 530–546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjornsdottir, R. Thora, Alaei, Ravin, and Rule, Nicholas O.. 2017. “The Perceptive Proletarian: Subjective Social Class Predicts Interpersonal Accuracy.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 41(2): 185–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blofield, Merike, and Pablo Luna, Juan. 2011. “Public Opinion on Income Inequalities in Latin America.” In Blofield, M., ed., The Great Gap: Inequality and the Politics of Redistribution in Latin America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 147–181.Google Scholar
Boas, Taylor C. 2014. “Pastor Pablo vs. Doctor Carlos: Professional Titles as Voting Heuristics in Brazil.” Journal of Politics in Latin America 6(2): 39–72.Google Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence, and Gilliam, Franklin D.. 1990. “Race, Sociopolitical Participation, and Black Empowerment.” American Political Science Review 84(2): 377–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boczkowski, Pablo J., and de Santos, Martin. 2007. “When More Media Equals Less News: Patterns of Content Homogenization in Argentina’s Leading Print and Online Newspapers.” Political Communication 24(2): 167–180.Google Scholar
Boletín Oficial. 2017. “Ministerio de Trabajo, Emplo Y Seguridad Social Dirección Nacional de Asociaciones Sindicales.” www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/161669/20170406 (Accessed February 17, 2020).Google Scholar
Booth, John A, and Seligson, Mitchell A.. 2009. The Legitimacy Puzzle in Latin America: Political Support and Democracy in Eight Nations. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bormann, Nils-Christian, and Golder, Matt. 2013. “Democratic Electoral Systems around the World, 1946–2011.” Electoral Studies 32(2): 360–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bos, Angela L. 2015. “The Unintended Effects of Political Party Affirmative Action Policies on Female Candidates’ Nomination Chances.” Politics, Groups and Identities 3(1): 73–93.Google Scholar
Boulding, Carew. 2014. NGOs, Political Protest, and Civil Society. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boulding, Carew, and Holzner, Claudio A.. 2020. “Community Organizations and Latin America’s Poorest Citizens: Voting, Protesting, and Contacting Government.” Latin American Politics and Society 62(4): 98–125.Google Scholar
Boulding, Carew and Holzner, Claudio A.. 2021. Voice and Inequality: Poverty and Political Participation in Latin American Democracies. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Boulding, Carew, and Nelson-Núñez, Jami. 2014. “Civil Society and Support for the Political System in Times of Crisis.” Latin American Research Review 49(1): 128–154.Google Scholar
Bouzas, José Alfonso. 2003. “Contratos colectivos de protección y el proyecto official de reformas laborales.” In Bouzas, Alfonso, Alcalde Justiniani, Arturo, de Buen Lozano, Néstor, Bensusán Areous, Graciela, Escobar Toledo, Saúl, Albina Garabito Elías, Rosa, Barba García, Héctor, and María Xelhuantzi López, , eds. Reforma Laboral: Análisis crítico del Proyecto Abascal de reforma a la Ley Federal del Trabajo. Mexico: UNAM, 97–115.Google Scholar
Buchrucker, Cristián. 1987. Nacionalismo y peronismo: la Argentina en la crisis ideológica mundial (1927–1955). Buenos Aires: Editorial sudamericana.Google Scholar
Burgess, Katrina. 1999. “Loyalty Dilemmas and Market Reform: Party-Union Alliances under Stress in Mexico, Spain, and Venezuela.” World Politics 52(1): 105–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnet, Jennie E. 2011. “Women Have Found Respect: Gender Quotas, Symbolic Representation, and Female Empowerment in Rwanda.” Politics & Gender 7(3): 303–334.Google Scholar
Burton, Frances, Fenech, Agatha, and Moskowitz, Carly. 2019. “Education and Engagement Predict Tolerance for Anti-system Protest.” Vanderbilt University, Latin American Public Opinion Project, Insight Series #139.Google Scholar
Busetta, Giovanni, Fiorillo, Fabio, and Visalli, Emanuela. 2013. “Searching for a Job Is a Beauty Contest.” Munich Personal RePEc Archive, Paper 49825.Google Scholar
Bush, Sarah Sunn. 2011. “International Politics and the Spread of Quotas for Women in Legislatures.” International Organization 65(1): 103–137.Google Scholar
Bush, Sarah Sunn, and Jamal, Amaney A.. 2015. “Anti-Americanism, Authoritarian Politics, and Attitudes about Women’s Representation: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Jordan.” International Studies Quarterly 59(1): 34–45.Google Scholar
Cagé, Julia. 2020. The Price of Democracy: How Money Shapes Politics and What to Do About It. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Calvo, Ernesto. 2007. “The Responsive Legislature: Public Opinion and Law Making in a Highly Disciplined Legislature.” British Journal of Political Science 37(2): 263–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvo, Ernesto. 2014. Legislative Success in Fragmented Congresses in Argentina: Plurality Cartels, Minority Presidents, and Lawmaking. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Calvo, Ernesto, and Moscovich, Lorena. 2017. “Inequality, Protests, and the Progressive Allocation of Cash Transfers in the Argentine Provinces.” Latin American Politics and Society 59(2): 3–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvo, Ernesto, and Victoria Murillo, Maria. 2004. “Who Delivers? Partisan Clients in the Argentine Electoral Market.” American Journal of Political Science 48(4): 742–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvo, Ernesto, and Victoria Murillo, Maria. 2013. “When Parties Meet Voters: Assessing Political Linkages through Partisan Networks and Distributive Expectations in Argentina and Chile.” Comparative Political Studies 46(7): 851–882.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvo, Ernesto, and Victoria Murillo, Maria. 2019. Non-policy Politics: Richer Voters, Poorer Voters, and the Diversification of Electoral Strategies. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cámara de Diputados. 2008. Legislaturas XXCII-LX (1917–2009): Diputados Integrantes. Mexico, DF: Cámara de Diputados, Centro de Documentación, Información y Análisis. www.diputados.gob.mx/sedia/biblio/virtual/dip/leg27-60.htm.Google Scholar
Cameron, Charles, Epstein, David, and O’Halloran, Sharyn. 1996. “Do Majority-Minority Districts Maximize Substantive Black Representation in Congress?” The American Political Science Review 90(4): 794–812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camp, Roderic Ai. 1991. Mexican Political Biographies, 1884–1935. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Camp, Roderic Ai. 1995a. Mexican Political Biographies, 1935–1993, Third Edition. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Camp, Roderic Ai. 1995b. Political Recruitment across Two Centuries: Mexico, 1884–1991. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Camp, Roderic Ai. 2011. Mexican Political Biographies, 1935–2009, Fourth Edition. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, Andrea Louise. 2012. “Policy Makes Mass Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 15(2): 333–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Rosie, and Cowley, Philip. 2014. “What Voters Want: Reactions to Candidate Characteristics in a Survey Experiment.” Political Studies 62(5): 247–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canache, Damarys, and Allison, Michael E.. 2005. “Perceptions of Political Corruption in Latin American Democracies.” Latin American Politics and Society 47(3): 91–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canache, Damarys, Hayes, Matthew, Mondak, Jeffery J., and Seligson, Mitchell A.. 2014. “Determinants of Perceived Skin-Color Discrimination in Latin America.” The Journal of Politics 76(2): 506–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantón, Darío. 1964. “El parlamento argentino en épocas de cambio: 1889, 1916 y 1946.” Desarrollo económico 4(13): 21–48.Google Scholar
Carey, John M., and Reynolds, Andrew. 2011. “The Impact of Election Systems.” Journal of Democracy 22(4): 36–47.Google Scholar
Carey, John M., and Soberg Shugart, Matthew. 1995. “Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: A Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas.” Electoral Studies 14(4): 417–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlin, Ryan E. 2006. “The Socioeconomic Roots of Support for Democracy and the Quality in Latin America.” Revista de ciencia política (Santiago) 26(1): 48–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlin, Ryan E. 2018. “Sorting Out Support for Democracy: AQ‐Method Study.” Political Psychology 39 (2): 399–422.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. 2012. “Does the Underrepresentation of the Working Class in Congress Matter?” Legislative Studies Quarterly 37(1): 5–34.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. 2013. White-Collar Government. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. 2016. “Why Are There so Few Working-Class People in Political Office: Evidence from State Legislatures.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 4(1): 84–109.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas. 2018. The Cash Ceiling: Why Only the Rich Run for Office – and What We Can Do about It. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas, and Lupu, Noam. 2015. “Rethinking the Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation: Evidence from Latin America.” American Journal of Political Science 59(1): 1–18.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas, and Lupu, Noam. 2016a. “Do Voters Dislike Working-Class Candidates? Voter Biases and the Descriptive Underrepresentation of the Working Class.” The American Political Science Review 110(4): 832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas, and Lupu, Noam. 2016b. “What Good Is a College Degree? Education and Leader Quality Reconsidered.” The Journal of Politics 78(1): 35–49.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas, and Lupu, Noam. 2020. “Blinded by Wealth? What Voters Think about the Descriptive Underrepresentation of the Working Class.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas, and Lupu, Noam. 2022. “Working-Class Officeholding in the OECD.” Working Paper. www.noamlupu.com/Carnes_Lupu_OECD.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas, and Lupu, Noam. 2023. “The Economic Backgrounds of Politicians.” Annual Review of Political Science 26(June). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051921-102946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpini, Michael X. Delli, and Keeter, Scott. 1997. What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Carpini, Michael X. Delli, Keeter, Scott, and Kennamer, J. David. 1994. “Effects of the News Media Environment on Citizen Knowledge of State Politics and Government.” Journalism Quarterly 71(2): 443–456.Google Scholar
Casas-Zamora, Kevin. 2005. Paying for Democracy: Political Finance and State Funding for Parties. Colchester, UK: ECPR Press.Google Scholar
Cassese, Erin C., and Barnes, Tiffany D.. 2019. “Intersectional Motherhood: Investigating Public Support for Child Care Subsidies.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 7(4): 775–793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassese, Erin C., Barnes, Tiffany D., and Branton, Regina P.. 2015. “Racializing Gender: Public Opinion at the Intersection.” Politics & Gender 11(1): 1–26.Google Scholar
Castañeda, Jorge, and Navia, Patricio. 2007. “The Year of the Ballot.” Current History 106(697): 51–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caul, Miki. 1999. “Women’s Representation in Parliament: The Role of Political Parties.” Party Politics 5(1): 79–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers-Ju, Chris and Hecock, Douglas R.. 2021. “Union Affiliation and Civic Engagement: Teachers in Bogotá, Colombia.” Latin American Politics & Society 63(4): 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers-Ju, Chris, and Finger, Leslie. 2017. “Teachers’ Unions in México, The Politics of Patronage.” In M.Moe, Terry and Wiborg, Susanne, eds., The Comparative Politics of Education: Teachers Unions and Education Systems around the World. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 215–238.Google Scholar
Chambers-Ju, Christopher. 2021. “Adjustment Policies, Union Structures, and Strategies of Mobilization: Teacher Politics in Mexico and Argentina.” Comparative Politics 53 (2): 185–207.Google Scholar
Chattopadhyay, Raghabendra, and Duflo, Esther. 2004. “Women as Policy Makers: Evidence from a Randomized Policy Experiment in India.” Econometrica 72(5): 1409–1443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claassen, Christopher. 2020. “Does Public Support Help Democracy Survive?” American Journal of Political Science 64(1): 118–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, Amanda. 2015. “Women’s Political Engagement under Quota-Mandated Female Representation: Evidence from a Randomized Policy Experiment.” Comparative Political Studies 48(3): 333–369.Google Scholar
Clayton, Amanda, and Zetterberg, Pär. 2018. “Quota Shocks: Electoral Gender Quotas and Government Spending Priorities Worldwide.” The Journal of Politics 80(3): 916–932.Google Scholar
Clayton, Amanda, Josefsson, Cecilia, and Wang, Vibeke. 2017. “Quotas and Women’s Substantive Representation: Evidence from a Content Analysis of Ugandan Plenary Debates.” Politics & Gender 13(2): 276–304.Google Scholar
Clayton, Amanda, Josefsson, Cecilia, Mattes, Robert, and Mozaffar, Shaheen. 2019. “In Whose Interest? Gender and Mass–Elite Priority Congruence in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Comparative Political Studies 52(1): 69–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, Amanda, O’Brien, Diana Z., and Piscopo, Jennifer. 2019. “All Male Panels? Representation and Democratic Legitimacy.” American Journal of Political Science 63 (1): 113–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleary, Matthew R., and Stokes, Susan C.. 2006. Democracy and the Culture of Skepticism: Political Trust in Argentina and Mexico. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
CNN Chile. 2018. “Los perfiles de los parlamentarios que incluyen títulos que no tienen.” CNN Chile, July 7. www.cnnchile.com/pais/los-perfiles-de-los-parlamentarios-que-incluyen-titulos-que-no-tienen_20180707/ (Accessed January 15, 2023).Google Scholar
Cohen, Mollie J. 2018. “Protesting via the Null Ballot: An Assessment of the Decision to Cast an Invalid Vote in Latin America.” Political Behavior 40(2): 395–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, Wade M. 2018. “Poor and Powerless: Economic and Political Inequality in Cross-National Perspective, 1981–2011.” International Sociology 33(3): 357–385.Google Scholar
Collier, Ruth Berins, and Chambers-Ju, Christopher. 2012. “Popular Representation in Contemporary Latin American Politics: An Agenda for Research.” In Kingston, Peter and Yashar, Deborah J., eds. Routledge Handbook of Latin American Politics. New York: Routledge, 564–578.Google Scholar
Collier, Ruth Berins, and Collier, David. 2002. Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Compa, Lance A. 2003. Justice for All: The Struggle for Worker Rights in Mexico. Washington, DC: American Center for International Labor Solidarity. http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/reports/34/ (Accessed February 17, 2020).Google Scholar
Conroy-Krutz, Jeffrey, and Kerr, Nicholas. 2015. “Dynamics of Democratic Satisfaction in Transitional Settings: Evidence from a Panel Study in Uganda.” Political Research Quarterly 68: 593–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooley, Erin, Lei, Ryan, Brown-Iannuzzi, Jazmin, and Ellerkamp, Taylor. 2019. “Personal Prejudice, Other Guilt: Explicit Prejudice toward Black People Predicts Guilty Verdicts for White Officers Who Kill Black Men.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45(5): 754–766.Google Scholar
Córdova, Abby. 2009. “Methodological Note: Measuring Relative Wealth Using Household Asset Indicators.” AmericasBarometer Insights 6(January): 1–9.Google Scholar
Córdova, Abby, and Layton, Matthew. 2016. “When Is ‘Delivering the Goods’ Not Enough? How Economic Disparities in Latin American Neighborhoods Shape Citizen Trust in Local Government.” World Politics 68(1): 74–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowley, Philip. 2014. “Descriptive Representation and Political Trust: A Quasi-Natural Experiment Utilising Ignorance.” The Journal of Legislative Studies 20(4): 573–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberle. 1991. “Race, Gender, and Sexual Harassment.” Southern California Law Review 65: 1467.Google Scholar
Crisp, Brian F., Demirkaya, Betul, Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A., and Millian, Courtney. 2018. “The Role of Rules in Representation: Group Membership and Electoral Incentives.” British Journal of Political Science 48(1): 47–67.Google Scholar
Crisp, Brian F., Escobar-Lemmon, Maria C., Jones, Bradford S., Jones, Mark P., and Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M.. 2004. “Vote-Seeking Incentives and Legislative Representation in Six Presidential Democracies.” Journal of Politics 66(3): 823–846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutts, David, Childs, Sarah, and Fieldhouse, Edward. 2008. “‘This Is What Happens When You Don’t Listen’: All-Women Shortlists and the 2005 General Election.” Party Politics 14(5): 575–595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlberg, Stefan, Linde, Jonas, and Holmberg, Sören. 2015. “Democratic Discontent in Old and New Democracies: Assessing the Importance of Democratic Input and Governmental Output.” Political Studies 63(S1): 18–37.Google Scholar
Dal Bó, Ernesto, Fred Finan, Olle Folke, Persson, Torsten, and Rickne, Johanna. 2017. “Who Becomes a Politician.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 32(4): 1877–1914.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell. 2004. Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
De Imaz, José Luis. 1970. Los Que Mandan (Those Who Rule). New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
De la Rosa, Yared. 2017. “Diputados de Morena electos por tómbola, los menos productivos.” La Razón. Available at: www.razon.com.mx/diputados-de-morena-electos-por-tombola-los-menos-productivos/ (Accessed February 17, 2020).Google Scholar
De la Rosa, Yared. 2018. “Conoce a los diputados de MORENA que llegaron al Congreso por tombola.” Expansión Política, September 8. https://politica.expansion.mx/congreso/2018/09/08/conoce-a-los-diputados-de-morena-que-llegaron-al-congreso-por-tombola (Accessed January 6, 2022).Google Scholar
De Luca, Miguel, Jones, Mark P., and Inés Tula, María. 2002. “Back Rooms or Ballot Boxes? Candidate Nomination in Argentina.” Comparative Political Studies 35(4): 413–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desposato, Scott, and Norrander, Barbara. 2009. “The Gender Gap in Latin America: Contextual and Individual Influences on Gender and Political Participation.” British Journal of Political Science 39(1): 141–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinatale, Martín. 2000. “Una representación cada vez más debilitada en el Congreso.” La Nación, January 21. www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/una-representacion-cada-vez-mas-debilitada-en-el-congreso-nid2354/ (Accessed January 13, 2023).Google Scholar
Dolan, Kathleen. 2011. “Do Women and Men Know Different Things? Measuring Gender Differences in Political Knowledge.” The Journal of Politics 73(1): 97–107.Google Scholar
Domhoff, G. William. 1967. Who Rules America? Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.Google Scholar
Dos Santos, Pedro and Jalalzai, Farida 2021. Women’s Empowerment and Disempowerment in Brazil: The Rise and Fall of President Dilma Rousseff. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Dovi, Suzanne. 2002. “Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do?” American Political Science Review 96(4): 729–743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunning, Thad, and Nilekani, Janhavi. 2013. “Ethnic Quotas and Political Mobilization: Caste, Parties, and Distribution in Indian Village Councils.” American Political Science Review 107(1): 35–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easton, David. 1975. “A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support.” British Journal of Political Science 5(4): 435–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). 2018. The Inefficiency of Inequality. Santiago, Chile: United Nations.Google Scholar
Ellner, Steve, and Hellinger, Daniel. 2003. Venezuelan Politics in the Chavez Era: Class Polarization, and Conflict. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Erikson, Josefina, and Josefsson, Cecilia. 2019. “The Legislature as a Gendered Workplace: Exploring Members of Parliament’s Experiences of Working in the Swedish Parliament.” International Political Science Review 40(2): 197–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Escobar-Lemmon, Maria, and Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M.. 2016. Women in Presidential Cabinets: Power Players or Abundant Tokens? New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Escuerdo, Elina and Moreno, Martín. 2019. “Informe Especial de sindicalistas a políticos: quiénes son y cómo legislan los diputados de extracción sindical.” Quiero Saber Inicitiva Ciudadana. https://static.wixstatic.com/ugd/7e9bf2_67481491602b46eb8ea1dd146357c10f.pdf (Accessed February 17, 2020).Google Scholar
Evans, Geoffrey, and Tilley, James. 2017. The New Politics of Class: The Political Exclusion of the British Working Class. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fernández, Edward. 2013. “72 candidatos buscan alcanzar las 9 curules por Santa Bárbara.” El Heraldo, September 23. www.elheraldo.hn/pais/389601-213/72-candidatos-buscan-alcanzar-las-9-curules-por-santa-bárbara (Accessed January 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Flores, Por Efrén. 2019. “Líderes sindicales mexicanos tienen 43 años en el poder.” Sin Embargo Mx. www.sinembargo.mx/25-10-2019/3663244 (Accessed February 25, 2020).Google Scholar
Fraile, Marta, and Gomez, Raul. 2017. “Why Does Alejandro Know More about Politics than Catalina? Explaining the Latin American Gender Gap in Political Knowledge.” British Journal of Political Science 47(1): 91–112.Google Scholar
Franceschet, Susan, and Piscopo, Jennifer M.. 2008. “Gender Quotas and Women’s Substantive Representation: Lessons from Argentina.” Politics & Gender 4(3): 393–425.Google Scholar
Franceschet, Susan, and Piscopo, Jennifer M.. 2013. “Equality, Democracy, and the Broadening and Deepening of Gender Quotas.” Politics & Gender 9(3): 310–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franceschet, Susan, and Piscopo, Jennifer M.. 2014. “Sustaining Gendered Practices? Power, Parties, and Elite Political Networks in Argentina.” Comparative Political Studies 47(1): 85–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, Volker. 2002. “The Elusive Goal in Democratic Chile: Reforming the Pinochet Labor Legislation.” Latin American Politics and Society 44(1): 35–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galván, Carlos. 2019. “Tras un divorcio de casi 30 años, la CTA K ahora quiere volver a la CGT.” Clarín, September 29. www.clarin.com/politica/cta_0_eF8xNlLh.html (Accessed January 18, 2023).Google Scholar
Gasalla, Juan. 2017. “Reforma laboral: en qué cambia la relación entre empleador y trabajador.” Infobae, October 31. www.infobae.com/economia/2017/10/31/reforma-laboral-en-que-cambia-la-relacion-entre-empleador-y-trabajador/ (Accessed January 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Gay, Claudine. 2002. “Spirals of Trust? The Effect of Descriptive Representation on the Relationship between Citizens and Their Government.” American Journal of Political Science 46(4): 717–732.Google Scholar
Gerber, Alan S., Huber, Gregory A., Doherty, David, and Dowling, Conor M.. 2011. “Personality Traits and the Consumption of Political Information.” American Politics Research 39(1): 32–84.Google Scholar
Gibson, Edward L., and Calvo, Ernesto. 1997. “Electoral Coalitions and Market Reforms: Evidence from Argentina.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Guadalajara, Mexico.Google Scholar
Gilens, Martin. 2012. Affluence and Influence: Economic Inequality and Political Power in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gilens, Martin, and Page, Benjamin I.. 2014. “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.” Perspectives on Politics 12(3): 564–581.Google Scholar
Giles, Howard, and Sassoon, Caroline. 1983. “The Effect of Speaker’s Accent, Social Class Background and Message Style on British Listeners’ Social Judgements.” Language & Communication 3(3): 305–313.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, Elizabeth. 2018. “Update: Paraguayans Elect Mario Abdo Benítez President.” Americas Society/Council of the Americas, April 23. www.as-coa.org/articles/update-paraguayans-elect-mario-abdo-benitez-president (Accessed January 14, 2023).Google Scholar
Gordillo y Ortiz, Octavio. 1999. Diccionario de la revolución en el Estado de Chiapas. México, DF: UNAM.Google Scholar
Gramajo, Jessica. 2018. “El sindicalista que llegó a diputado y terminó de mandadero.” Soy502, January 30. www.soy502.com/articulo/diputado-mandadero-chofer-mensajero-100931 (Accessed January 15, 2023).Google Scholar
Graubard, Barry I., and Korn, Edward L.. 1996. “Modelling the Sampling Design in the Analysis of Health Surveys.” Statistical Methods in Medical Research 5(3): 263–281.Google Scholar
Grumbach, Jaboc M. 2015. “Does the American Dream Matter for Members of Congress? Social-Class Backgrounds and Roll-Call Votes.” Political Research Quarterly 68(2): 306–323.Google Scholar
Gutérrez, Héctor. 2015. “Tómbola de Morena hace candidatos a amas de casa y fans de AMLO ….” El Financiero, February 24. www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/tombola-de-morena-hace-candidatos-a-amas-de-casa-y-fans-de-amlo/ (Accessed January 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S., and Pierson, Paul. 2010. Winner-Take-all Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer – And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Hamermesh, Daniel S., and Biddle, Jeff E.. 1994. “Beauty and the Labor Market.” American Economic Review 84(5): 1174–1194.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2007a. “When Multiplication Doesn’t Equal Quick Addition: Examining Intersectionality as a Research Paradigm.” Perspectives on Politics 5(1): 63–79.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2007b. “Intersectionality as a Normative and Empirical Paradigm.” Politics & Gender 3(2): 248–254.Google Scholar
Hanretty, Chris. 2020. “An Introduction to Multilevel Regression and Post-Stratification for Estimating Constituency Opinion.” Political Studies Review 18(4): 630–645.Google Scholar
Hanretty, Chris, Lauderdale, Benjamin E., and Vivyan, Nick. 2018. “Comparing Strategies for Estimating Opinion from National Survey Samples.” Political Science Research Methods 6(3): 571–591.Google Scholar
Harris-Perry, Melissa V. 2011. Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hayes, Matthew, and Hibbing, Matthew V.. 2017. “The Symbolic Benefits of Descriptive and Substantive Representation.” Political Behavior 39(1): 31–35.Google Scholar
Heath, Oliver. 2015. “Policy Representation, Social Representation and Class Voting in Britain.” British Journal of Political Science 45(1): 173–193.Google Scholar
Heath, Roseanna Michelle, Schwindt‐Bayer, Leslie A., and Taylor‐Robinson, Michelle M.. 2005. “Women on the Sidelines: Women’s Representation on Committees in Latin American Legislatures.” American Journal of Political Science 49(2): 420–436.Google Scholar
Hemingway, Alexander Vincent. 2020. “The Unequal Descriptive and Substantive Representation of Class.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia.Google Scholar
Heraldo, El. 2017. “Papeleta electoral de los candidatos a diputados del departamento de Olancho.” El Heraldo, November 15. www.elheraldo.hn/eleccioneshonduras2017/papeletasdiputados/1126339-508/papeleta-electoral-de-los-candidatos-a-diputados-del-departamento-de-olancho (Accessed January 15. 2023).Google Scholar
Hetherington, Marc. 1998. “The Political Relevance of Political Trust.” American Political Science Review 92(4): 791–808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinojosa, Magda. 2012. Selecting Women, Electing Women: Political Representation and Candidate Selection in Latin America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Hinojosa, Magda, and Caul Kittilson, Miki. 2020. Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy: How Women in Politics Foster Connected Citizens. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hinojosa, Magda, Fridkin, Kim L., and Caul Kittilson, Miki. 2017. “The Impact of Descriptive Representation on ‘Persistent’ Gender Gaps: Political Engagement and Political Trust in Uruguay.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 5(3): 435–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holger, Dieter. 2019. “The Business Case For More Diversity.” Wall Street Journal, October 26. www.wsj.com/articles/the-business-case-for-more-diversity-11572091200 (Accessed January 16, 2023).Google Scholar
Holland, Alisha C. 2015. “The Distributive Politics of Enforcement.” American Journal of Political Science 59(2): 357–371.Google Scholar
Holman, Mirya R., Mahoney, Anna, and Hurler, Emma. 2022. “Let’s Work Together: Bill Success via Women’s Cosponsorship in US State Legislatures.” Political Research Quarterly 75(3): 676–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holzner, Claudio. 2010. Poverty of Democracy: The Institutional Roots of Political Participation in Mexico. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Joel. 1990. Argentine Unions, the State & the Rise of Peron, 1930–1945. Berkeley: Institute for International Studies, University of California.Google Scholar
Hout, Michael, Manza, Jeff, and Brooks, Clem. 1995. “The Democratic Class Struggle in the United States, 1948–1992.” American Sociological Review 60(6): 805–828.Google Scholar
Htun, Mala. 2004. “Is Gender Like Ethnicity? The Political Representation of Identity Groups.” Perspectives on Politics 2(3): 439–458.Google Scholar
Htun, Mala. 2014. “Political Inclusion and Representation of Afrodescendant Women in Latin America.” In Escobar-Lemmon, Maria C. and Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M., eds. Representation: The Case of Women. New York: Oxford University Press, 118–136.Google Scholar
Hughes, Melanie M. 2011. “Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Women’s Political Representation Worldwide.” American Political Science Review 105(3): 604–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, Melanie M. 2013. “Diversity in National Legislatures around the World.” Sociology Compass 7(1): 23–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hummel, Calla. 2017. “Disobedient Markets: Street Vendors, Enforcement, and State Intervention in Collective Action.” Comparative Political Studies 50(1): 1524–1555.Google Scholar
Hummel, Calla. 2021. Why Informal Workers Organize: Contentious Politics, Enforcement, and the State. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hunt, Vivian, Layton, Dennis, and Prince, Sara. 2015. “Why Diversity Matters.” McKinsey & Company, January 1. www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/why-diversity-matters (Accessed January 18, 2023).Google Scholar
Hunter, Wendy. 2010. The Transformation of the Workers’ Party in Brazil, 1989–2009. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Infobae. 2019. “Con la presencia de Alberto Fernández, Máximo Kirchner y Hugo Moyano, la CTA celebrará la unificación con la CGT” Infobae, October 3. www.infobae.com/politica/2019/10/03/con-la-presencia-de-alberto-fernandez-maximo-kirchner-y-hugo-moyano-la-cta-celebrara-la-unificacion-con-la-cgt/ (Accessed January 18, 2023).Google Scholar
Ingelhart, Ronald and Welzel, Christian. 2020. “The Inglehart-Welzel World Cultural Map.” World Values Survey 7 (2022). Source: www.worldvaluessurvey.org.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, and Norris, Pippa. 2017. “Trump and the Populist Authoritarian Parties: The Silent Revolution in Reverse.” Perspectives on Politics 15(2): 443–454.Google Scholar
Jalalzai, Farida, and Dos Santos, Pedro G.. 2015. “The Dilma Effect? Women’s Representation under Dilma Rousseff’s Presidency.” Politics & Gender 11(1): 117–145.Google Scholar
James, Daniel. 1988. Resistance and Integration: Peronism and the Argentine Working Class, 1946–1976. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Janusz, Andrew. 2018. “Candidate Race and Electoral Outcomes: Evidence from Brazil.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 6(4): 702–724.Google Scholar
Jensenius, Francesca R. 2017. Social Justice through Inclusion: The Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Johannessen, Peter G. 2019. “Shared Class as an Electoral Heuristic in Brazil’s Local Elections.” Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies. Working Paper #432.Google Scholar
Johnson, Joel W., and Wallack, Jessica S.. 2012. “Electoral Systems and the Personal Vote.” Harvard Dataverse, Version 1. https://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/17901.Google Scholar
Jones, Mark P. 1996. “Increasing Women’s Representation via Gender Quotas: The Argentine Ley de Cupos.” Women & Politics 16(4): 75–98.Google Scholar
Jones, Mark P. 2004. “Quota Legislation and the Election of Women: Learning from the Costa Rican Experience.” The Journal of Politics 66(4): 1203–1223.Google Scholar
Jones, Mark P. 2009. “Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women: Evidence from the Latin American Vanguard.” Comparative Political Studies 42(1): 56–81.Google Scholar
Julious, Steven A. 2004. “Using Confidence Intervals around Individual means to Assess Statistical Significance between Two Means.” Pharmaceutical Statistics: The Journal of Applied Statistics in the Pharmaceutical Industry 3(3): 217–222.Google Scholar
Jusko, Karen Long. 2017. Who Speaks for the Poor? Electoral Geography, Party Entry, and Representation. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kaltenthaler, Karl, Ceccoli, Stephen, and Gelleny, Ronald. 2008. “Attitudes toward Eliminating Income Inequality in Europe.” European Union Politics 9(2): 217–241.Google Scholar
Karp, Jeffrey A., and Banducci, Susan A.. 2008. “When Politics Is Not Just a Man’s Game: Women’s Representation and Political Engagement.” Electoral Studies 27: 105–115.Google Scholar
Kenny, Meryl. 2013. Gender and Political Recruitment: Theorizing Institutional Change. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerevel, Yann P. 2015. “(Sub)national Principals, Legislative Agents: Patronage and Political Careers in Mexico.” Comparative Political Studies 48(8): 1020–1050.Google Scholar
Kerevel, Yann P. 2019. “Empowering Women? Gender Quotas and Women’s Political Careers.” Journal of Politics 81(4): 1167–1180.Google Scholar
Kerevel, Yann P., and Rae Atkeson, Lonna. 2013. “Explaining the Marginalization of Women in Legislative Institutions.” Journal of Politics 75(4): 980–992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerevel, Yann P., and Rae Atkeson, Lonna. 2017. “Campaigns, Descriptive Representation, Quotas and Women’s Political Engagement in Mexico.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 5(3): 454–477.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Keohane, Robert O., and Verba, Sidney. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kirkland, Patricia. 2021. “Business Owners and Executives as Politicians: The Effect on Public Policy.” Journal of Politics 83(4): 1652–1668.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert, and Rehm, Philipp. 2014. “Occupations as a Site of Political Preference Formation.” Comparative Political Studies 47(12): 1670–1706.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert, and Wilkinson, Steven I., eds. 2007. Patrons, Clients, and Policy: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert, Hawkins, Kirk A., Pablo Luna, Juan, Rosas, Guillermo, and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.. 2010. Latin American Party Systems. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kittilson, Miki Caul. 2006. Challenging Parties, Changing Parliaments: Women and Elected Office in Contemporary Western Europe. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Kittilson, Miki Caul, and Tate, Katherine. 2005. “Political Parties, Minorities, and Elected Office: Comparing Opportunities for Inclusion in the United States and Britain.” In Wolbrecht, Christina and Hero, Rodney, eds. The Politics of Democratic Inclusion. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 163–185.Google Scholar
Kittilson, Miki Caul, and Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A.. 2010. “Engaging Citizens: The Role of Power-Sharing Institutions.” Journal of Politics 72(4): 990–1002.Google Scholar
Kittilson, Miki Caul, and Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A.. 2012. The Gendered Effects of Electoral Institutions: Political Engagement and Participation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Klipphan, Andrés. 2019. “Cómo se debilitó la representación gremial en el Congreso en los últimos 36 años.” Infobae, November 2. www.infobae.com/politica/2019/11/02/como-se-debilito-la-representacion-gremial-en-el-congreso-en-los-ultimos-36-anos/ (Accessed January 13, 2023).Google Scholar
Kraus, Michael W., and Keltner, Dacher. 2009. “Signs of Socioeconomic Status: A Thin-Slicing Approach.” Psychological Science 20(1): 99–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraus, Michael W., Won Park, Jun, and Tan, Jacinth J. X.. 2017. “Signs of Social Class: The Experience of Economic Inequality in Everyday Life.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 12(3): 422–435.Google Scholar
Kraus, Michael W., Piff, Paul K., and Keltner, Dacher. 2011. “Social Class as Culture: The Convergence of Resources and Rank in the Social Realm.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20(4): 246–250.Google Scholar
Krieckhaus, Jonathan, Son, Byunghwan, Mukherjee Bellinger, Nisha, and Wells, Jason M.. 2014. “Economic Inequality and Democratic Support.” The Journal of Politics 76(1): 139–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena and O’Brien, Diana Z.. 2010. “The Politics of Group Representation: Quotas for Women and Minorities Worldwide.” Comparative Politics 42(3): 253–272.Google Scholar
Landemore, Helene. 2017, “Deliberative Democracy as Open, Not (Just) Representative Democracy.” Daedalus 146(3): 51–63.Google Scholar
Landemore, Helene. 2020. Open Democracy: Reinventing Popular Rule for the Twenty-First Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Langston, Joy K. 2017. Democratization and Authoritarian Party Survival. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Langston, Joy K., and Morgenstern, Scott. 2009. “Campaigning in an Electoral Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Mexico.” Comparative Politics 41(2): 165–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaPolíticaOnline. 2014. “Facundo Moyano lanzó su proyecto de democratización sindical pero no cuestionó las reelecciones.” LaPolíticaOnline, February 21. www.lapoliticaonline.com/nota/78715-facundo-moyano-lanzo-su-proyecto-de-democratizacion-sindical-pero-no-cuestiono-las-reelecciones/ (Accessed February 17, 2020).Google Scholar
Larson, Erik. 2017. “New Research: Diversity + Inclusion = Better Decision-Making At Work.” Forbes, September 21. www.forbes.com/sites/eriklarson/2017/09/21/new-research-diversity-inclusion-better-decision-making-at-work/?sh=4b6cbae74cbf (Accessed January 16, 2023).Google Scholar
Latura, Audrey, and Catalano Weeks, Ana. 2022. “Corporate Board Quotas and Gender Equality Policies in the Workplace.” American Journal of Political Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12709Google Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer L. 2004. “Politics of Presence? Congresswomen and Symbolic Representation.” Political Research Quarterly 57(1): 81–99.Google Scholar
Lawson, Chappell, Lenz, Gabriel S., Baker, Andy, and Myers, Michael. 2010. “Looking Like a Winner: Candidate Appearance and Electoral Success in New Democracies.” World Politics 62(4): 561–593.Google Scholar
Lax, Jeffrey R., and Phillips, Justin H.. 2009. “How Should We Estimate Public Opinion in The States?” American Journal of Political Science 53(1): 107–121.Google Scholar
Le Foulon Moran, C. (2020). Cooperation and Polarization in a Presidential Congress: Policy Networks in the Chilean Lower House 2006–2017. Politics 40(2): 227–244.Google Scholar
Leahy, Pat. 2017. “Who Exactly Are the Citizens in the Citizens’ Assembly?” The Irish Times, April 24.Google Scholar
Levine, Sheen S., Apfelbaum, Evan P., Bernard, Mark, Bartelt, Valerie L., Zajac, Edward J., and Stark, David. 2014. “Ethnic Diversity Deflates Price Bubbles.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 111(52): 18524–18529.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven. 2003. Transforming Labor-Based Parties in Latin America: Argentine Peronism in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Ziblatt, Daniel. 2018. How Democracies Die. New York: Broadway Books.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Roberts, Kenneth M., eds. 2011. The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Matthew. D., Rock, David, Halvorson, Heidi G., and Cox, Christine. 2015. “Breaking Bias Updated: The Seeds Model.” Neuroleadership Journal 6: 4–18.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan J., and Stepan, Alfred. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1983. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour M., and Solari, Aldo, eds. 1967. Elites in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour M. and Rokkan, Stein, eds. 1967. Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Lipski, John M. 2011. “Socio-Phonological Variation in Latin American Spanish.” In Diaz-Campos, Manuel, ed., The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics. West Sussex: Blackwell, 72–97.Google Scholar
Liu, Shan-Jan Sarah, and Ann Banaszak, Lee. 2017. “Do Government Positions Held by Women Matter? A Cross-National Examination of Female Ministers’ Impacts on Women’s Political Participation.” Politics & Gender 13(1): 132–162.Google Scholar
Los Angeles Times. 2019. “Renuncia líder del sindicato petrolero de México acusado de corrupción.” Los Angeles Times, October 16. www.latimes.com/espanol/mexico/articulo/2019-10-16/renuncia-lider-del-sindicato-petrolero-de-mexico-acusado-de-corrupcion (Accessed February 25, 2020).Google Scholar
Lowande, Kenneth, Ritchie, Melinda, and Lauterbach, Erinn. 2019. “Descriptive and Substantive Representation in Congress: Evidence from 80,000 Congressional Inquiries.” American Journal of Political Science 63(3): 644–659.Google Scholar
Lublin, David. 1999. The Paradox of Representation: Racial Gerrymandering and Minority Interests in Congress. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Luna, Juan Pablo. 2016. “Delegative Democracy Revisited: Chile’s Crisis of Representation.” Journal of Democracy 27(3): 129–138.Google Scholar
Luna, Juan Pablo, and Zechmeister, Elizabeth. 2005. “Political Representation in Latin America: A Study of Elite-Mass Congruence in Nine Countries.” Comparative Political Studies 38(4): 388–416.Google Scholar
Luna, Selene. 2018. “CTM, CROC y CROM controlan casi el 50% de los sindicatos mexicanos.” Acustik Noticias, December 11. https://acustiknoticias.com/2018/12/ctm-croc-y-crom-controlan-casi-el-50-de-los-sindicatos-mexicanos/ (Accessed February 17, 2020).Google Scholar
Lupu, Noam, and Warner, Zach. 2022. “Why Are the Affluent Better Represented around the World?” European Journal of Political Research 61(1): 67–85.Google Scholar
Luskin, Robert C. 1990. “Explaining Political Sophistication.” Political Behavior 12(4): 331–361.Google Scholar
Magalhães, Pedro C. 2014. “Government Effectiveness and Support for Democracy.” European Journal of Political Research 53(1): 77–97.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott. 2006. “The Crisis of Representation in the Andes.” Journal of Democracy 17(3): 13–27.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Soberg Shugart, Matthew, eds. 1997. Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, María Bejarano, Ana, and Pizarro Leongómez, Eduardo, eds. 2006. The Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Andes. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mair, Peter. 2013. Ruling the Void: The Hollowing-Out of Western Democracy. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Mansbridge, Jane. 1999. “Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes’.” The Journal of Politics 61(3): 628–657.Google Scholar
Mansbridge, Jane. 2015. “Should Workers Represent Workers?” Swiss Political Science Review 21(2): 261–327.Google Scholar
Manza, Jeff, and Brooks, Clem. 2008. “Class and Politics.” In Lareau, Annette and Conley, Dalton, eds. Social Class: How Does It Work? New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 201–231.Google Scholar
Matland, Richard. 2005. “Enhancing Women’s Political Participation: Legislative Recruitment and Electoral Systems.” In Ballington, Julie and Karam, Azza, eds. Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers. Stockholm: International IDEA, 93–111.Google Scholar
Matsushita, Hirotshi. 1983. El movimiento obrero argentino, 1930–1945: sus proyecciones en los orígenes del peronismo. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Siglo XX.Google Scholar
Matthews, Austin S., and Kerevel, Yann P.. 2022. “The Nomination and Electoral Competitiveness of Working Class Candidates in Germany.” German Politics 31(3): 459–475.Google Scholar
Matthews, Donald R. 1985. “Legislative Recruitment and Legislative Careers.” In Loewenberg, Gerhard, Patterson, Samuel, and Jewell, Malcom, eds. Handbook of Legislative Research. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 17–55.Google Scholar
Mazarro, Natalia. 2011. “Experimental Approaches to Sound Variation: A Sociophonetic Study of Labial and Velar Fricatives and Approximants in Argentine Spanish.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
McAllister, Ian. 1999. “The Economic Performance of Governments.” In Norris, Pippa, ed., Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance. New York: Oxford University Press, 169–187.Google Scholar
McDermott, Monika L. 1999. “Shortcut Voting: Candidate Characteristics and Voter Inference.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
McDermott, Monika L. 2005. “Candidate Occupations and Voter Information Shortcuts.” Journal of Politics 67(1): 201–219.Google Scholar
McGuire, James W. 1997. Peronism with Perón: Unions, Parties and Democracy in Argentina. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mechtel, Mario. 2014. “It’s the Occupation, Stupid! Explaining Candidates’ Success in Low Information Elections.” European Journal of Political Economy 33(1): 53–70.Google Scholar
Meier, Petra. 2008. “A Gender Gap Not Closed by Quotas: The Renegotiation of the Public Sphere.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 10(3): 329–347.Google Scholar
Mejía, José Gerardo. 2019. “Critican diputados amparos de la CTM contra Reforma Laboral.” La Razón, August 27. www.razon.com.mx/mexico/critican-diputados-amparos-de-la-ctm-contra-reforma-laboral/ (Accessed February 17, 2020).Google Scholar
Menendez, Irene, Owen, Erica, and Walter, Stefanie. 2023. “Low Skill Products by High Skill Workers: The Distributive Effects of Trade in Developing Countries.” Comparative Political Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140231152800.Google Scholar
Micozzi, Juan Pablo. 2018. “Division or Union of Labor? Analyzing Workers’ Representation in the Argentine Congress.” Latin American Politics and Society 60(4): 93–112.Google Scholar
Middlebrook, Kevin J. 1995. The Paradox of Revolution: Labor, The State, and Authoritarianism in Mexico. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Mishra, Subodh. 2019. “U.S. Board Diversity Trends in 2019.” Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance, June 18. https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2019/06/18/u-s-board-diversity-trends-in-2019/ (Accessed January 16, 2023).Google Scholar
Mood, Carina. 2017. “More than Money: Social Class, Income, and the Intergenerational Persistence of Advantage.” Sociological Science 4(April): 263–287.Google Scholar
Mondak, Jeffrey J., and Halperin, Karen D.. 2008. “A Framework for the Study of Personality and Political Behaviour.” British Journal of Political Science 38(2): 335–362.Google Scholar
Montalvo, Tania L. 2014. “El líder petrolero que no debatió durante la discusión de la reforma energética.” Animal Político, August 8. www.animalpolitico.com/2014/08/el-lider-petrolero-que-debatio-durante-la-discusion-de-la-reforma-energetica/ (Accessed January 18, 2023).Google Scholar
Montes, Juan. 2018. “Mexico’s President-Elect Prepares Labor Overhaul to Empower Workers.” Wall Street Journal, September 11. www.wsj.com/articles/mexicos-president-elect-prepares-labor-overhaul-to-empower-workers-1536704229 (Accessed January 17, 2023).Google Scholar
Morgan, Jana. 2011. Bankrupt Representation and Party System Collapse. University Party: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, Jana, and Meléndez, Carlos. 2016. “Parties under Stress: Using a Linkage Decay Framework to Analyze the Chilean Party System.” Journal of Politics in Latin America 8(3): 25–59.Google Scholar
Morgan, Jana, and Buice, Melissa. 2013. “Latin American Attitudes toward Women in Politics: The Influence of Elite Cues, Female Advancement, and Individual Characteristics.” American Political Science Review 107(4): 644–662.Google Scholar
Mudde, Cas, and Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal. 2017. Populism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Muhtadi, Burhanuddin, and Warburton, Eve. 2020. “Inequality and Democratic Support in Indonesia.” Pacific Affairs 93(1): 31–58.Google Scholar
Mullinix, Kevin J., Thomas J. Leeper, James N. Druckman, and Jeremy Freese. 2015. “The Generalizability of Survey Experiments.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 2(2): 109–138.Google Scholar
Muñoz, Paula. 2014. “An Informational Theory of Campaign Clientelism: The Case of Peru.” Comparative Politics 47(1): 79–98.Google Scholar
Muñoz-Pogossian, Betilde, and Freidenberg, Flavia. 2018. “Como consiguen dinero las candidatas para sus campañas? Repensando la interacción entre política, dinero y género in América Latina.” Proyecto Reformas Políticas en América Latina, Washington, DC. https://reformaspoliticas.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Freidenberg-y-Mu%C3%B1oz-2018-Mujeres-Politica-y-Dinero-Reformas-Pol%C3%ADticas.pdf.Google Scholar
Murillo, Maria Victoria. 2001. Labor Unions, Partisan Coalitions, and Market Reforms in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Murray, Rainbow. 2015. “What Makes a Good Politician? Reassessing the Criteria Used for Political Recruitment.” Politics & Gender 11(4): 770–776.Google Scholar
Musacchio, Humberto. 2002. Quién es quién en la política mexicana. México, DF: Plaza y Janés.Google Scholar
Nación, La. 2006. “Desde la CTA no habrá ni un milímetro de sumisión a Kirchner.” La Nación, September 19. www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/desde-la-cta-no-habra-ni-un-milimetro-de-sumision-a-kirchner-nid841677 (Accessed February 17, 2020).Google Scholar
Nación, La. 2007. “Desafío sindical a Cristina Kirchner.” La Nación, October 13. www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/desafio-sindical-a-cristina-kirchner-nid952774 (Accessed February 17, 2020).Google Scholar
Nación, La. 2017. “Facundo Moyano: ‘La ley de contrato de trabajo no se puede discutir’.” La Nación, November 10. www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/facundo-moyano-la-ley-de-contrato-de-trabajo-no-se-puede-discutir-nid2081084 (Accessed January 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Nathan, Max, and Lee, Neil. 2013. “Cultural Diversity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship: Firm‐level Evidence from London.” Economic Geography 89(4): 367–394.Google Scholar
Nichter, Simeon. 2018. Votes for Survival: Relational Clientelism in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa, and Lovenduski, Joni. 1995. Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa, and Inglehart, Ronald. 2019. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Noticias al Día. 2019. “8 claves para entender la reforma laboral aprobada en la Cámara de Diputados.” Noticias al Día, April 12. www.noticiasaldia.com.mx/notas.pl?n=129497&s=1 (Accessed January 17, 2023).Google Scholar
O’Brien, Diana Z. 2015. “Rising to the Top: Gender, Political Performance, and Party Leadership in Parliamentary Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science 59(4): 1022–1039.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Diana Z., and Rickne, Johanna. 2016. “Gender Quotas and Women’s Political Leadership.” American Political Science Review 110(1): 112–126.Google Scholar
O’Connell, Lesley D. 1999. “Collective Bargaining Systems in 6 Latin American Countries: Degrees of Autonomy and Decentralization.” Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC Working paper #399.Google Scholar
O’Grady, Tom. 2019. “Careerists Versus Coal-Miners: Welfare Reforms and the Substantive Representation of Social Groups in the British Labour Party.” Comparative Political Studies 52(4): 544–578.Google Scholar
Oesch, Daniel, and Rennwald, Line. 2018. “Electoral Competition in Europe’s New Tripolar Political Space: Class Voting for the Left, Centre-Right and Radical Right.” European Journal of Political Research 57 (4): 783–807.Google Scholar
Olavarría, Margot. 2003. “Protected Neoliberalism: Perverse Institutionalization and the Crisis of Representation in Postdictatorship Chile.” Latin American Perspectives 30(6): 10–38.Google Scholar
Oliván, María Julia. 2012. “¿Quién es ese chico? (Perfil de Facundo Moyano).” Border Periodismo, August 9. https://borderperiodismo.com/2012/08/09/quien-es-ese-chico-perfil-de-facundo-moyano/ (Accessed January 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Olivares, Lilian. 2011. “Alinco, la historia del obrero-diputado que saca pica en el Congreso.” La Segunda, December 2. www.lasegunda.com/Noticias/Nacional/2011/12/701804/alinco-la-historia-del-obrero-diputado-que-saca-pica-en-el-congreso (Accessed January 15, 2023).Google Scholar
Oliveros, Virginia. 2021. Patronage at Work: Public Jobs and Political Services in Argentina. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Orth, Taylor. 2022. “From Millionaires to Muslims, Small Subgroups of the Population Seem Much Larger to Many Americans.” YouGov America. https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/03/15/americans-misestimate-small-subgroups-population (Accessed January 5, 2023).Google Scholar
Owen, Erica. 2015. “The Political Power of Organized Labor and the Politics of Foreign Direct Investment in Developed Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies 48(13): 1746–1780.Google Scholar
Page, Benjamin I. and Gilens, Martin. 2017. Democracy in America? What Has Gone Wrong and What We Can Do about It. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Palmer-Rubin, Brian, and Berins Collier, Ruth. 2022. “Work and Demand Making: Productionist and Consumptionist Politics in Latin America.” Comparative Political Studies 55(10): 1631–1662.Google Scholar
Pantoja, Adrian D., and Segura, Gary M.. 2003. “Does Ethnicity Matter? Descriptive Representation in Legislatures and Political Alienation Among Latinos.” Social Science Quarterly 84(2): 441–460.Google Scholar
Paxton, Pamela Marie, Hughes, Melanie M., and Barnes, Tiffany. 2020. Women, Politics, and Power: A Global Perspective. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Pérez Franco, Aminadab Rafael. 2008. Indice biográfico de legisladores federales del Partido Acción Nacional, 1946–2008. México: Tatevari ediciones.Google Scholar
Pérez-Ahumada, Pablo. 2014. “Class Consciousness in a Mature Neoliberal Society: Evidence from Chile.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 38(December): 57–75.Google Scholar
Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. 2002. “Television News and Political Partisanship in Latin America.” Political Research Quarterly 55(3): 571–588.Google Scholar
Phillips, Katherine W., Liljenquist, Katie A., and Neale, Margaret A.. 2009. “Is the Pain Worth the Gain? The Advantages and Liabilities of Agreeing with Socially Distinct Newcomers.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35(3): 336–350.Google Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 2004. Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Piscopo, Jennifer M. 2015. “States as Gender Equality Activists: The Evolution of Quota Laws in Latin America.” Latin American Politics and Society 57(3): 27–49.Google Scholar
Piscopo, Jennifer M., and Clark Muntean, Susan. 2018. “Corporate Quotas and Symbolic Politics in Advanced Democracies.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 39(3): 285–309.Google Scholar
Pitkin, Hanna F. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Poertner, Mathias. 2023. “Does Political Representation Increase Participation? Evidence from Party Candidate Lotteries in Mexico.” American Political Science Review 117(2): 537–556.Google Scholar
Porrúa, Miguel A. 2013. “E-Government in Latin America: A Review of the Success in Colombia, Uruguay, and Panama.” In Bilbao-Osorio, B., Dutta, S., and Lanvin, B., eds. The Global Information Technology Report 2013. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 127–136.Google Scholar
Posner, Paul W., Patroni, Viviana, and Francois Mayer, Jean. 2018. Labor Politics in Latin America: Democracy and Worker Organization in the Neoliberal Era. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.Google Scholar
Prior, Markus. 2010. “You’ve Either Got It or You Don’t? The Stability of Political Interest over the Life Cycle.” The Journal of Politics 72(3): 747–766.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert. 1976. The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert. 1993. Making Democracy Work. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ramírez Marín, Juan, and Campos, Gonzalo Santiago. 2018. XXVII Legislatura Federal: Reconstruyendo la Nacíon. México, DF: Cámara de Diputados, Centro de Estudios de Derecho e Investigaciones Parlamentarias.Google Scholar
Reis, Elisa P. 2011. “Elite Perceptions of Poverty and Inequality in Brazil.” In Blofield, Merike, ed., The Great Gap: Inequality and the Politics of Redistribution in Latin America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 89–109.Google Scholar
Reporte Indigo. 2018. “¿No conoces a tus candidatos a senadores y diputados? Esta página te dice quiénes son y muestra su CV.” Reporte Indigo, May 28. www.reporteindigo.com/reporte/no-conoces-a-tus-candidatos-a-senadores-y-diputados-esta-pagina-te-dice-quienes-son-y-muestra-su-cv/ (Accessed January 15, 2023).Google Scholar
Rivera, Astrid, and Sánchez, Julián. 2019. “Controlan centrales obreras afines a Morena al menos 850 sindicatos.” El Universal. February 15. www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/controlan-centrales-obreras-afines-morena-al-menos-850-sindicatos (Accessed February 17, 2020).Google Scholar
Roberts, Kenneth M. 2002. “Party-Society Linkages and Democratic Representation in Latin America.” Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 27(53): 9–34.Google Scholar
Robles-Puente, Sergio, and Vilches Aguado, Jesús. 2019. “Bilabial Fricatives in Mexican Spanish: A Sociophonetic Analysis.” Borealis–An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 8(1): 143–161.Google Scholar
Rocha, Rene R., Tolbert, Caroline J., Bowen, Daniel C., and Clark, Christopher J.. 2010. “Race and Turnout: Does Descriptive Representation in State Legislatures Increase Minority Voting?” Political Research Quarterly 63(4): 890–907.Google Scholar
Rock, David, and Grant, Heidi. 2016. “Why Diverse Teams Are Smarter.” Harvard Business Review, November 4. https://hbr.org/2016/11/why-diverse-teams-are-smarter (Accessed January 16, 2023).Google Scholar
Rosas, Guillermo. 2005. “The Ideological Organization of Latin American Legislative Parties: An Empirical Analysis of Elite Policy Preferences.” Comparative Political Studies 38(7): 824–849.Google Scholar
Rosas, Tania. 2018. “Líderes sindicales calientan curules; registran poca productividad.” Excélsior, February 21. www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2018/02/21/1221770. (Accessed February 17, 2020).Google Scholar
Rule, Nicholas O., Macrae, C. Neil, and Ambady, Nalini. 2009. “Ambiguous Group Membership Is Extracted Automatically from Faces.” Psychological Science 20(4): 441–443.Google Scholar
Salzman, Ryan. 2015. “News Media Consumption and Political Behavior in Latin America.” Journal of Politics in Latin America 7(2): 71–98.Google Scholar
Sanbonmatsu, Kira. 2003. “Gender-Related Political Knowledge and the Descriptive Representation of Women.” Political Behavior 25(4): 367–388.Google Scholar
Saxton, Gregory W. 2019. “Perceptions of Fairness and Political Support in the Face of Economic Inequality.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky.Google Scholar
Saxton, Gregory W. 2021. “Governance Quality, Fairness Perceptions, and Satisfaction with Democracy in Latin America.” Latin American Politics and Society, 63(2): 122–145.Google Scholar
Schipani, Andrés. 2022. “Left Behind: Labor Unions and Redistributive Policy under the Brazilian Workers’ Party.” Comparative Politics 54(3): 405–428.Google Scholar
Schlozman, Kay Lehman, Brady, Henry E., and Verba, Sidney. 2018. Unequal and Unrepresented: Political Inequality and the People’s Voice in the New Gilded Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schlozman, Kay Lehman, Burns, Nancy, and Verba, Sidney. 1994. “Gender and the Pathways to Participation: The Role of Resources.” Journal of Politics 56(4): 963–990.Google Scholar
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. 2009. “Making Quotas Work: The Effect of Gender Quota Laws on the Election of Women.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 34(1): 5–28.Google Scholar
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. 2010. Political Power and Women’s Representation in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. 2011. “Women Who Win: Social Backgrounds, Paths to Power, and Political Ambition in Latin American Legislatures.” Politics and Gender 7(1): 1–33.Google Scholar
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A., and Mishler, William. 2005. “An Integrated Model of Women’s Representation.” Journal of Politics 67(2): 407–428.Google Scholar
Seligson, Mitchell A. 2007. “The Democracy Barometers (Part I): The Rise of Populism and the Left in Latin America.” Journal of Democracy 18(3): 81–95.Google Scholar
Senk, Kaitlin. 2021. “Are Women Less Effective at Passing Bills? Exploring the Direct and Indirect Effects of Gender.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 46(3): 791–816.Google Scholar
Shair-Rosenfield, Sarah, and Hinojosa, Magda. 2014. “Does Female Incumbency Reduce Gender Bias in Elections? Evidence from Chile.” Political Research Quarterly 67(4): 837–850.Google Scholar
Shames, Shauna L., Bernhard, Rachel I., Holman, Mirya R., and Teele, Dawn Langan, eds. 2020. Good Reasons to Run: Women and Political Candidacy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Shyles, Leonard. 1984. “Defining ‘Images’ of Presidential Candidates from Televised Political Spot Advertisements.” Political Behavior 6(2): 171–181.Google Scholar
Siavelis, Peter M. 2016. “Crisis of Representation in Chile? The Institutional Connection.” Journal of Politics in Latin America 8(3): 61–93.Google Scholar
Silva, Eduardo, and Rossi, Federico, eds. 2018. Reshaping the Political Arena. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Peter H. 1974. Argentina and the Failure of Democracy. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Peter H. 1979. Labyrinths of Power: Political Recruitment in Twentieth-Century Mexico. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Solt, Frederick. 2008. “Economic Inequality and Democratic Political Engagement.” American Journal of Political Science 52(1): 48–60.Google Scholar
Solt, Frederick. 2020. “Measuring Income Inequality Across Countries and Over Time: The Standardized World Income Inequality Database.” Social Science Quarterly 101(3): 1183–1199.Google Scholar
Stauffer, Katelyn E. 2021. “Public Perceptions of Women’s Inclusion and Feelings of Political Efficacy.” American Political Science Review 115(4): 1226–1241.Google Scholar
Stauffer, Katelyn E., Song, Miyeon, and Shoub, Kelsey. 2022. “How Police Agency Diversity, Policies & Outcomes Shape Citizen Trust and Willingness to Engage.” Policy Studies Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12479.Google Scholar
Stephens, Nicole M., Rose Markus, Hazel, and Taylor Phillips, L.. 2014. “Social Class Culture Cycles: How Three Gateway Contexts Shape Selves and Fuel Inequality.” Annual Review of Psychology 65(1): 611–634.Google Scholar
Stokes, Susan. 2001. Mandates and Democracy: Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Szwarcberg, Mariela. 2015. Mobilizing Poor Voters: Machine Politics, Clientelism, and Social Networks in Argentina. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tanaka, Martín. 2006. “From Crisis to Collapse of the Party System and Dilemmas of Democratic Representation: Peru and Venezuela.” In Mainwaring, Scott, María Bejarano, Ana and Pizarro Leongómez, Eduardo, eds. The Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Andes. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 47–77.Google Scholar
Tate, Katherine. 2001. “The Political Representation of Blacks in Congress: Does Race Matter?” Legislative Studies Quarterly 26(4): 623–639.Google Scholar
Taylor, Michelle M. 1992. “Formal versus Informal Incentive Structures and Legislator Behavior: Evidence from Costa Rica.” Journal of Politics 54(4): 1055–1073.Google Scholar
Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M. 2010. Do the Poor Count? Democratic Institutions and Accountability in a Context of Poverty. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M., and Michelle Heath, Roseanna. 2003. “Do Women Legislators have Different Policy Priorities than Their Male Colleagues? A Critical Case Test.” Women & Politics 24(4): 77–101.Google Scholar
Tchintian, Carolina. 2018. “Candidates’ Personal Attributes and Ballot Information. Legislative Elections in Ecuador and El Salvador.” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Teele, Dawn Langan. 2018a. Forging the Franchise. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Teele, Dawn Langan. 2018b. “How the West Was Won: Competition, Mobilization, and Women’s Enfranchisement in the United States.” The Journal of Politics 80(2): 442–461.Google Scholar
Tejada, Mariella. 2013. “Ingenieros y abogados se postulan por Copán.” El Heraldo, September 18. www.elheraldo.hn/pais/384793-364/ingenieros-y-abogados-se-postulan-por-copán (Accessed January 6, 2022).Google Scholar
Teletica. 2013. “Sindicalistas protestan en Guatemala por incremento de precios.” Teletica.com, July 4. www.teletica.com/internacional/sindicalistas-protestan-en-guatemala-por-incremento-de-precios_16215 (Accessed January 15, 2023).Google Scholar
Telles, Edward, and Steele, Liza. 2012. “Pigmentocracy in the Americas: How Is Educational Attainment Related to Skin Color.” Americas Barometer Insights 73(February): 1–8.Google Scholar
Telles, Edward, and Paschel, Tianna. 2014. “Who Is Black, White, or Mixed Race? How Skin Color, Status, and Nation Shape Racial Classification in Latin America.” American Journal of Sociology 120(3): 864–907.Google Scholar
Tewksbury, David, Weaver, Andrew J., and Maddex, Brett D.. 2001. “Accidentally Informed: Incidental News Exposure on the World Wide Web.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 78(3): 533–554.Google Scholar
Toro, Edgar. 2014. “Los dirigentes candidatos dicen cumplir la ‘voluntad’ de sus bases.” La Razón, September 14. www.la-razon.com/nacional/2014/09/14/los-dirigentes-candidatos-dicen-cumplir-la-voluntad-de-sus-bases/ (Accessed January 14, 2023).Google Scholar
Tribuna, La. 2015. “Diputados al Congreso: profesiones y movimientos sociales.” La Tribuna, March 2. www.latribuna.hn/2015/03/07/diputados-al-congreso-profesiones-y-movimientos-sociales/ (Accessed November 1, 2018).Google Scholar
Tskhay, Konstantin O., and Rule, Nicholas O.. 2013. “Accuracy in Categorizing Perceptually Ambiguous Groups: A Review and Meta-Analysis.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 17(1): 72–86.Google Scholar
Tusalem, Rollin F. 2022. “Gendered Governance: Examining the Relationship between Women Legislators and Effective Public Goods Provision from a Global Sample.” Polity 54(2): 298–333.Google Scholar
Ufen, Andreas. 2014. “Asia.” In Falguera, Elin, Jones, Samuel, and Ohman, Magnus, eds. Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns: A Handbook on Political Finance. Stockholm, Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 82–127.Google Scholar
Ulbig, Stacy G. 2007. “Gendering Municipal Government: Female Descriptive Representation and Feelings of Political Trust.” Social Science Quarterly 88(5): 1106–1123.Google Scholar
Urbatsch, R. 2018. “Things are Looking Up: Physical Beauty, Social Mobility, and Optimistic Dispositions.” Social Science Research 71(March): 19–36.Google Scholar
Verba, Sidney, Lehman Schlozman, Kay, and Brady, Henry E.. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Verge, Tània, and Claveria, Sílvia. 2016. “Gendered Political Resources: The Case of Party Office.” Party Politics 24(5): 536–548.Google Scholar
Verge, Tània, Wiesehomeier, Nina, and Espírito-Santo, Ana. 2020. “Framing Symbolic Representation: Exploring How Women’s Political Presence Shapes Citizens’ Political Attitudes.” European Journal of Politics and Gender 3(2): 257–276.Google Scholar
Vivyan, Nick, Wagner, Markus, Glinitzer, Konstantin, and Eberl, Jakob-Moritz. 2020. “Do Humble Beginnings Help? How Politician Class Roots Shape Voter Evaluations.” Electoral Studies 63 (1): 1–13.Google Scholar
Volden, Craig, Wiseman, Alan E., and Wittmer, Dana E.. 2013. “When Are Women More Effective Lawmakers than Men?” American Journal of Political Science 57(2): 326–341.Google Scholar
Walecki, Marcin. 2005. Money and Politics in Poland. Warsaw: Institute of Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Wang, Vibeke, Kayuni, Happy M., Chiweza, Asiyati, and Soyiyo, Samantha. 2019. “Relieving Women’s Costs of Standing for Election: Malawi’s 50:50 Campaigns.” In Ragnhild L. Muriaas, Vibeke Wang, and Rainbow Murray, eds. Gendered Electoral Financing. New York: Routledge, 45–68.Google Scholar
Weeden, Kim A., and Grusky, David B.. 2005. “The Case for a New Class Map.” American Journal of Sociology 111(1): 141–212.Google Scholar
Weeks, Ana Catalano. 2018. “Why Are Gender Quota Laws Adopted by Men? The Role of Inter- and Intraparty Competition.” Comparative Political Studies 51(14): 1935–1973.Google Scholar
Weeks, Ana Catalano. 2022. Making Gender Salient: From Gender Quota Laws to Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weeks, Ana Catalano, Meguid, Bonnie M., Caul Kittilson, Miki, and Coffé, Hilde. 2023. “When Do Männerparteien Elect Women? Radical Right Populist Parties and Strategic Descriptive Representation.” American Political Science Review 117(2): 421–438.Google Scholar
Weeks, Matthew. 2019. “Socioeconomic Status Is Not Judged Equally: Target Race Shifts Standards in Interpersonal Judgments of SES.” European Journal of Social Psychology 49(2): 286–299.Google Scholar
West, Darrell M. 1994. “Political Advertising and News Coverage in the 1992 California U.S. Senate Campaigns.” The Journal of Politics 56(4): 1053–1075.Google Scholar
Weyers, Joseph R. 2018. “Beer, Hot Dogs and Politics: The Vocative Function of Medellín’s voseo.” Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 95(5): 475–491.Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt. 2010 “The Performance of Leftist Governments in Latin America: Conceptual and Theoretical Issues”. In Weyland, Kurt, Madrid, Raúl L., and Hunter, Wendy, eds. Leftist Governments in Latin America: Successes and Shortcomings. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1–27.Google Scholar
Wike, Richard, and Fetterolf, Janell. 2018. “Liberal Democracy’s Crisis of Confidence.” Journal of Democracy 29(4): 136–150.Google Scholar
Williams, Melissa. 1998. Voice, Trust, and Memory: Marginalized Groups and the Failings of Liberal Representation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wüest, Reto, and Pontusson, Jonas. 2018. “Descriptive Misrepresentation by Social Class: Do Voter Preferences Matter?” Working Paper.Google Scholar
Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zarazaga, Rodrigo. 2014. “Brokers beyond Clientelism: A New Perspective through the Argentine Case.” Latin American Politics and Society 56(3): 23–45.Google Scholar
Zechmeister, Elizabeth. 2006. “What’s Left and Who’s Right? A Q-Method Study of Individual and Contextual Influences on the Meaning of Ideological Labels.” Political Behavior 28(2): 151–173.Google Scholar
Zechmeister, Elizabeth J., and Corral, Margarita. 2013. “Individual and contextual constraints on ideological labels in Latin America.” Comparative Political Studies 46(6): 675–701.Google Scholar
Zechmeister, Elizabeth J., and Lupu, Noam, eds. 2019. Pulse of Democracy. Nashville, TN: LAPOP.Google Scholar
Zetterberg, Pär. 2009. “Do gender Quotas Foster Women’s Political Engagement? Lessons from Latin America.” Political Research Quarterly 62(4): 715–730.Google Scholar
Zmerli, Sonja, and Carlos Castillo, Juan. 2015. “Income Inequality, Distributive Fairness and Political Trust in Latin America.” Social Science Research 52(July): 179–192.Google Scholar