Belligerent Occupation — Functions of the Occupant — Acts of Ordinary Tribunals within their Normal Competence — Spoliation.

War — Binding Force of Laws of — Declaratory Nature of Hague Conventions.

Belligerent Occupation — Legislative, Judicial and Administrative Functions of the Occupant — Suspension of Local Laws Regulating Matters not affecting the Safety of the Occupying Armies — Article 43 of the Hague Rules of War on Land.

Individuals in International Law — Fundamental Rights of — Crimes against Humanity — Nature and Punishment of — Offences against Property in Occupied Territory as Constituting Crimes against Humanity.

Subjects of Laws of War — !Individual Responsibility for the Commission of War Crimes.

War Crimes — !Punishment of-Principle of Nullum Crimen Sine Lege.

War Crimes — Punishment of — Plea of Necessity and of Superior Orders.

Belligerent Occupation — Respect for Property — Seizure and Exploitation of Public and Private Property — Hague Regulations — Jurisdiction of United States Military Tribunals — Principle of Nullum Crimen Sine Lege — Individual Responsibility for War Crimes — Crimes against Humanity — Pleas of Necessity and of Superior Orders.

Belligerent Occupation — Respect for Private Property — Article 53 of the Hague Convention of 1907.

Belligerent Occupation — Requisitions — Conditions of — Article 52 of the Hague Regulations — Booty.

International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — The Law of Austria.

War — Binding Force of Laws of — Hague Conventions — Declaratory Nature of.

Belligerent Occupation — Seizure of Public Property of the Enemy State — Booty of War — Transfer to Third Party — International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — The Law of Austria.

Territory — Annexation — Annexation of Occupied Territory during War — Purported Annexation by Germany of Occupied Polish Territory.

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial Jurisdiction — Jurisdiction of United States Military Tribunals in Germany after the War.

Individuals — Position in International Law — Rights of Individuals Independent of the Law of the State — Crimes against Humanity.

War Crimes — Punishment of — Plea of Superior Orders and of Obedience to the Law of the State — Act of State and Responsibility for War Crimes.

War — Terminatian of — Unconditional Surrender of Germany — Nature of Occupation of Germany by Allied Powers — Power to Legislate and Set up Courts for the Trial of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity.

Belligerent Occupation — Extraordinary Tribunals Set Up by Occupying Belligerent Exercising Arbitrary Criminal Jurisdiction — Denial of Judicial Process — Hague Regulations.

Belligerent Occupation — Treatment of Civilian Inhabitants — Legislation Concerning the Extermination and Persecution of Civilian Inhabitants on Racial, Religious or Political Grounds — Extraordinary Tribunals Set up by the Occupying Belligerent Exercising Arbitrary Criminal Jurisdiction — Denial of Judicial Process — Hague Regulations — Annexation of Territory during War — Purported Annexation by Germany of Occupied Territory — Infliction of Death Penalty upon Civilian Inhabitants of Occupied Polish Territory — Unconditional Surrender of Germany — Nature of Occupation of Germany by Allied Powers — Power to Legislate and Set Up Courts for the Trial of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity — Jurisdiction of United States Military Tribunals — Punishment of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity — Principle of Nullum Crimen Sine Lege — Defence of Legality according to Municipal Law — Effect of Aggressive War on Acts of the Belligerent — Pleas of Act of State and of Superior Orders.

Individuals — Position in International Law — Rights of Individuals Independent of the Law of the State — Crimes against Humanity.

Subjects of Laws of War — !Responsibility of Military Commander for Crimes Committed by Persons under his Command.

Belligerent Occupation — Civilian Inhabitants — Treatment of — Extermination, Torture and Ill-treatment in Concentration Camps of Civilian Inhabitants of Occupied Territory, Prisoners of War and German Subjects — Enslavement and Deportation to Slave Labour of such Persons — Plunder of Public and Private Property in Occupied Territory — War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity — Responsibility of Military Commander for Crimes Committed by Persons under his Command.

Individuals — Position in International Law — Rights of Individuals Independent of the Law of the State — Crimes against Humanity — Crimes Committed by a State against its own Subjects — Extermination, Torture and Ill-treatment by Germany of her own Subjects and Foreign Nationals.

Belligerent Occupation — Civilian Inhabitants — Treatment of — Unlawful Medical Experiments on Civilian Inhabitants and Prisoners of War Confined in Concentration Camps — Killing, Extermination and Ill-treatment by Germany of Her Own Subjects — War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity.

Individuals — Position in International Law — Rights of Individuals Independent of the Law of the State — Crimes against Humanity — Deportation to Slave Labour by Germany of her own Subjects and Foreign Nationals.

Subjects of Laws of War — !Responsibility of Superior for Crimes Committed by Persons under his Authority.

War Crimes — Punishment of — Superior Orders.

Prisoners of War — Treatment of — Employment in Work Prohibited by the Geneva (Prisoners of War) Convention, 1929.

Belligerent Occupation — Civilian Inhabitants — Treatment of — III-treatment and Deportation to Slave Labour — Hague Regulations — Prisoners of War — Employment in War Operations and in Work having a Direct Relation to Operations of War — Geneva (Prisoners of War) Convention, 1929 — Crimes against Humanity — Deportation to Slave Labour, Killing and III-treatment of German Nationals and Nationals of other Countries — Superior Orders.

War Crimes — Punishment of — Superior Orders.

Belligerent Occupation — Treatment of Civilian Inhabitants — Execution without Trial — Extraordinary Tribunals Set up by the Occupying Belligerent — Duty to Hold Trial — Superior Orders.

Belligerent Occupation — Treatment of Inhabitants — Requisitions — and Services — Article 52 of Hague Convention No. IV of 1907 — Distinction between Military Preparations and Military Operations.

Belligerent Occupation — Requisition of Services of Dutch Shipyard for Building of Sand Dredgers — Article 52 of the Regulations on the Laws and Customs of War on Land of 1907.

Subjects of Laws of War — !Responsibility of Superior for War Crimes Committed by Persons under his Authority.

War Crimes — Punishment of — Plea of Superior Orders.

Belligerent Occupation — Civilian Inhabitants — Treatment of — Case Indiscriminate Mass Arrests, Systematic Terrorism, Torture and Ill-treatment of Civilian Inhabitants — War Crimes — Authors of — Responsibility of Superior for War Crimes Committed by Persons under his Authority — Plea of Superior Orders.

Warfare at Sea — Visit and Search — Neutral Ship — Reasonable Suspicion — Ship Ordered to Port for Further Examination — Loss of Ship and Cargo during Voyage — Responsibility for Loss — Whether Prize Crew Agents for Crown — Claim for Damage by Owners — Whether Original Detention Wrongful — Meaning of “Seizure” of Vessel.

Prize Law — Procedure — Appointment of Defending Counsel for Owners.

Prize Law — Indemnities and Damages — Competence of French Prize Courts — Reasonable Suspicion of Enemy Destination.

Armistice — Effect of — Upon Neutral States.

Neutrality — Obligations of — Maritime Warfare — Refuelling of Belligerent Ships — Articles 12, 19 and 20 of Hague Convention No. XIII — The Twenty-four Hours' Rule — Relevance of the Control of National Economy of the Neutral State — Armistice — Effect of — Upon Neutral State — Italian Warships in Spanish Ports after the Italian Armistice of September 1943.

Neutrality — Obligations of — Whether Involving the Duty to Prevent Subjects of Belligerent States from Appearing as Litigants against One Another — The Law of Brazil.