A dual port olfactometer was used to study the response of Anopheles gambiaeGiles sensu stricto to odours of human and animal origin. Human odour consisted of human skin emanations collected on a nylon stocking, which was worn for 24 h. This was tested alone or together with 4.5% carbon dioxide, the concentration in human and cattle breath. Cattle odours consisted of cow skin emanations and/or carbon dioxide. Cow skin emanations were collected by tying a nylon stocking (‘cow sock’) around the hind leg of a cow for 12 h. Anopheles gambiae s.s. was consistently highly attracted by human odour, which is consistent with the high degree of anthropophily in this mosquito. Anopheles gambiae s.s. was not attracted by human or cattle equivalent volumes of carbon dioxide and this gas did not enhance the effect of human skin residues. Furthermore, A. gambiae s.s. showed a high degree of aversion to cow odour. When human odour and cow odour were tested together in the same port, mosquitoes were still highly attracted, indicating that whilst cattle odour may deter A. gambiae s.s., these mosquitoes can detect human odour in the presence of cattle odour. It was concluded that carbon dioxide plays a minor role in the host seeking behaviour of A. gambiae s.s., whilst host specific cues such as human skin residues play a major role and very effectively demonstrated anthropophilic behaviour in the laboratory.

Electrical penetration graphs (EPGs) were used to examine the probing behaviour of adult apterous Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) on barley seedlings grown under conditions of nitrogen or water stress. Aphids took significantly longer to reach and ingest from sieve elements of nitrogen-deficient seedlings than from nitrogen-sufficient seedlings but there were no such differences between water-stressed or well-watered seedlings. On both nitrogen and water-stressed seedlings the average length of each individual period of salivation into the sieve element was significantly greater compared with their respective unstressed controls.

Dung from calves treated with synthetic pyrethroids negatively influenced, in varying degrees, survival, reproduction and size of the common dung fly Neomyia cornicina(Fabricius). This was documented in assays where the coprophagous larvae and adults of N. cornicina were exposed to dung collected from calves dosed with topical preparations of deltamethrin, flumethrin, cyfluthrin, and α-cypermethrin. Larval mortality was significantly increased in dung collected up to at least seven days after treatment with deltamethrin, α-cypermethrin and cyfluthrin. Alpha-cypermethrin caused significant mortality of adults allowed to feed on moist dung. Nulliparous flies fed for six days on dung collected three days after treatment of calves with α-cypermethrin or deltamethrin showed little or no ovarian development. A tendency for a comparable effect with flumethrin was also observed. A connection between ovarian development and inhibition of feeding was indicated by the observation of significantly lowered excretion rates in flies exposed to residues of deltamethrin, α-cypermethrin and flumethrin. Larvae that survived exposure to dung from calves dosed with deltamethrin, α-cypermethrin, or cyfluthrin gave rise to smaller flies. The effect on adult fly size decreased when larvae were exposed to dung collected at longer times after treatment of the calves. Adult fly size was significantly reduced in dung collected up to 14 days (α-cypermethrin) or up to 28 days after treatment (deltamethrin and cyfluthrin). Fluctuating asymmetry of a wing vein character did not reflect the anticipated levels of exposure. The study strongly indicated that the use of synthetic pyrethroids affected the insect dung fauna and that such use may reduce dung decomposition.

Descriptions of the three sibling species of the Anopheles farauti complex in Australia, A. farauti Laveran (formerly A. farauti No. 1), A. hinesorum Schmidt sp.n. (formerly A. farauti No. 2) and A. torresiensis Schmidt sp.n. (formerly A. farauti No. 3) are provided. These species form a part of the punctulatus group, which contains the major malaria vectors in the southwest Pacific. Morphological markers are described for adult females, fourth instar larvae and pupae which identify most specimens, and are in keys.

Spatial and temporal dynamics of rapidly growing populations of tsetse flies at Nguruman, southwest Kenya during 1993–1995, were investigated, following six years of intensive population suppression with traps over a c. 100 km2area. The two tsetse species present were randomly distributed in the short rainy season, but were aggregated in the dry and long rainy seasons. Maximum temperature was the dominant weather factor associated with the degree of aggregation. Trends in catches at 20 fixed sites along an 18 km north–south axis were weakly correlated between locations, possibly representing population sub-structuring. In particular, trends in population change were poorly correlated between the area with a long history of trapping suppression in the south and the area with a more recent history of suppression in the north. On a micro-geographic scale, correlations among paired trap catches were clearly related to geographical proximity for Glossina pallidipes Austen (r2 = 0.55); whereas this relationship was quite weak for Glossina longipennis Corti (r2 = 0.12). Positive correlations among trap catches were significant for sites separated by less than c. 3.8 km (G. pallidipes) or 4.8 km (G. longipennis). These results suggest the existence of different population substructures in the two species on a relatively small geographic scale.

The two ‘forms’ of the Afrotropical shoot-fly Atherigona rubricornis Stein are shown to be good species. A neotype is designated for the true A. rubricornis, which is restricted to tropical Africa. The other form is described as A. triticisp. n. It is widespread in tropical Africa, but is known also from Egypt, where the larvae attack wheat seedlings, Israel and Yemen. Infestation levels of larvae, with maxima between 9% and 32%, indicate that it is a significant pest of wheat seedlings in Egypt.

Three bioassays were used to examine the oviposition behaviour of the hoverfly, Episyrphus balteatus (Degeer) in which various stimuli purported to influence host assessment and choice were tested. Episyrphus balteatus failed to exhibit enhanced behavioural responses, terms of approaches and landings, to artificial leaves with the highest numbers of aphids, suggesting that females are merely responding to the colour of the artificial leaves. A density-dependent oviposition response was reported in a second bioassay using whole bean plants, although there an asymptotic relationship. Syrphid responses, which were measured by oviposition over a five-day period, were greatest towards those plants with the highest number of aphids. In a final series of trials, gravid female E. balteatus showed a behavioural preference for filter papers with the greatest honeydew concentrations (0.26 mg μl−1 honeydew). More time was spent in the treated areas and syrphids demonstrated more proboscis and ovipositor extensions in these treatments. These bioassays provided an opportunity to isolate some of the individual of decision-making by female E. balteatus during egg-laying behaviour. A greater understanding of natural enemy behaviour is essential before enhanced control of pest populations in the field can be established.

The sub-lethal effects of dimethoate residue on the distribution and locomotor activity of adults of Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus on Vicia faba plants were investigated in the laboratory. The presence of dimethoate residues on the upper half of the plant caused C. septempunctata to spend significantly less time on the plants overall. When given a choice of treated and untreated surfaces, C. septempunctata spent proportionately more time on the untreated areas of the plant. The locomotor activity of C. septempunctata was also altered following encounter with dimethoate residues resulting in a significant increase in the proportion of time spent walking and a reduction in the proportion of time spent resting. The proportion of time spent on plant parts was also affected, with a reduction in the time spent on the apex and an increase in the proportion of time spent on the stem, indicating a possible avoidance response. The proportion of time spent on the adaxial leaf surface was significantly increased following dimethoate treatment. The implications for integrated pest management are considered.

The population structure of a tephritid pest species, the Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), has been analysed over a five year period (1994–1998), using six microsatellites. Adult fly samples were collected to cover most regions of eastern and central Australia where the flies are regularly found. Tests for heterogeneity indicated that flies within geographically defined regions were homogeneous. The samples were allocated into five regions, including one very large region, Queensland, which encompasses that portion of the fly‘s range where breeding can occur year-round. With one exception, the collections from different regions were homogeneous between years, showing a fairly static distribution of the species. However, differences between regions were highly significant. The one case of a change in frequency between years indicated a gradual replacement of flies in a marginal region by flies from the main part of the range. The finding of stability in the distribution of a highly mobile insect is of interest, potentially also for other species which have expanded beyond their native range. It is argued that a contributing reason for this stability may be adaptation to different climatic regimes, and that strategies for control based on this hypothesis afford a reasonable chance of success.

The effects of two natural aphid enemies, adult Coccinella septempunctataLinneaus, a predator, and Aphidius rhopalosiphi de Stefani Perez, a parasitoid, on spread of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) transmitted by the bird cherry–oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) were studied under laboratory conditions. Predators or parasitoids were introduced to trays of durum wheat seedlings and the patterns of virus infection were observed after two, seven and 14 days of exposure. More plants were infected with BYDV in control trays without A. rhopalosiphithan in trays with the parasitoid present, both seven and 14 days after the introduction of parasitoids. Patterns of virus infection were found to be similar over time in trays with a parasitoid present and in control trays. More plants were infected in trays with C. septempunctata present than in control trays, both two and seven days after the introduction of the coccinellid. The spread of virus infections progressed differently over time for the two treatments (predator and parasitoid), differences between treatments being most marked after two days and seven days, when more plants exposed to predators but fewer exposed to parasitoids were infected with BYDV compared to their respective controls. However, by the 14th day 88% of all plants were infected and there was no significant difference between the two treatments. The role of natural enemies in spread of BYDV is discussed.

The population dynamics of the white wax scale, Ceroplastes destructor Newstead, was studied intensively in four easy-peel citrus orchards in the Western Cape Province of South Africa over three consecutive years (1997–1999). Key factor analysis was used to determine and quantify the contribution of individual mortality factors to the total generation mortality. Key stage mortality, determined from a cohort life table, was in the third instar and pre-ovipositing female stages. Mortality of C. destructor was caused primarily by parasitoids, predators and miscellaneous factors. Parasitoids and miscellaneous factors acted as density-dependent regulatory agents during the pre-ovipositional and first instar stages respectively. This has implications for biological control of C. destructor. Some of the mortality factors acted either randomly with no reference to the population densities or in an inverse density-dependent manner during the egg-crawler, second or third instar stages.