Of all the nations which during the second World War took up arms against Russia, Finland alone has escaped military occupation and retained her independence. An American visitor to this farthest European out post of Western democracy against Soviet expansion Worship, and of the press, which prevails there, especially when he bears in mind the fate of the nations on the southern side of the Gulf of Finland. The Finns, to be sure, exert every effort to maintain diplomatically “correct” relations with their powerful eastern neighbor. Their most recent treaty of peace with Russia forbids them to enter into foreign alliances such as the Atlantic Pact Which are objectionable to the Russians, and the Finns realize that their geographical position does not permit them to violate the treaty.

When one mentions the “liturgy” or “Liturgical Movement” a variety of strange or confusing pictures is likely to be raised in a person's mind: the hearer may have passed through some unfortunate experience and thereby acquired what he calls “anti-liturgical inclinations;” he may have visions of vestments, gestures, or ceremonies which he finds difficult to follow; he may even be ready to dismiss everything liturgical as exhibiting “Catholicizing tendencies.”

It is one of the peculiarities of the writing of Protestant church history that the history of Christian missions since the Reformation plays a very unimportant part within the general historical scene. The religious and theological conflicts on the European continent and the beginnings of churches in North America have claimed all the interest of the historians so that the history of missions has appeared to be a kind of subordinate subject. The reason for this underemphasizing of the history of Protestant missions is first of all the fact that there existed, as a kind of insuperable prejudice, the opinion that the Reformers—Luther, Melanchthon, Calvin, and Zwingli—were not interested at all in Christian missions. Only the latest turn of clesiastical historiography has included Christian missions again in general church history and put them in the place which they deserve.

This paper is limited to a brief critique of current opinion regarding the state of learning in Austria about 1300, to a survey of the most important recent developments in the study of the subject, and to suggestions for future study.

At the time of Clement of Alexandria there existed two theories with regard to the generation of the Logos. They may be described as the twofold stage theory and the single stage theory. According to the twofold stage theory, which reflects a similar conception in Philo,1 the Logos at first existed from eternity in God and then, prior to the creation of the world, it was generated from the essence of God as a distinct personal being. Representatives of this view are, among the Greek Fathers, Justin Martyr, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Hippolytus, and among the Latin Fathers, Tertullian, Novatian, Lactantius, and as late as the fourth century, Zeno of Verona. According to the single stage theory, the generation of the Logos from God was from eternity. The first to introduce this view were Irenaeus and Origen and it is this view which ultimately prevailed. Now with regard to Clement of Alexandria, who was a contemporary of both Irenaeus and Origen, it is the general opinion of students of the history of doctrine that he is to be included among those who introduced the single stage theory, though Zahn finds that Clement “always makes a sharp distinction between the only Unbegotten God the Father and the Son or Logos who was begotten or created before the rest of creation.”2 It is this general opinion which I wish to question in this paper.