The post-operative anti-emetic efficacy of 4 and 8 mg of ondansetron in adult patients with and without a previous history of motion sickness (PHMS) was assessed by meta-analysis. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for randomized placebo-controlled trials evaluating the anti-emetic effectiveness of ondansetron in a 24-h period. In the 49 studies found, a further selection was with respect to those studies that noted the patient's previous history of motion sickness. Twelve trials involving 2122 patients; 446 previous history of motion sickness(+)patients and 1676 previous history of motion sickness(−) patients met the selection criteria. The dose of 4 mg ondansetron was 71.5% more effective in previous history of motion sickness(+) than in previous history of motion sickness(−) patients. For the 8 mg dose, the odds ratios (95% CI) were: previous history of motion sickness(+)=3.11 (1.40–6.93) and previous history of motion sickness(−)=2.08 (1.35–3.21). The calculated number needed to treat was also more favourable in previous history of motion sickness(+) patients for both doses of ondansetron,demonstrating a higher effectiveness in this subgroup of patients.

The intra-operative management of two patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular pathology, who underwent peripheral reconstructive vascular surgery under continuous spinal anaesthesia, is described. Furthermore, continuous intrathecal analgesia was also continued in the post-operative period and provided effective pain relief that was reflected by the favourable surgical outcome.

We describe the case of a 36-year-old woman, with a previous history of recurrent abortion due to protein S deficiency, undergoing an elective Caesarean section at 39-weeks gestation. During pregnancy no signs of hypertension or cardiovascular disease were reported, but at the end of the surgical procedure, the patient developed acute hypertension, leading to myocardial infarction, severe heart failure and death. The autopsy revealed a 2-cm undiagnosed phaeochromocytoma in the right adrenal gland. Clinical diagnostic features of phaeochromocytoma during pregnancy as well as the main therapeutic approaches suggested in the literature are discussed.

Several studies have demonstrated that pre-operative fasting may be as short as 2 h for clear fluids and 6 h for solids with no adverse effect on volume or pH of gastric contents. Other studies suggest that many patients do not receive pre-operative prescribed medications. One hundred and fifty-three adults presenting for elective surgery (mean age 51 years) were studied to assess fasting practice. Fasting times far in excess of the recommended safe minimum were found. Mean length of fast for solids was 15 h 24 min (95% confidence intervals±49 min) and for fluids 12 h 30 min (95% confidence intervals±30 min). Of the 53 patients taking regular medications, 23 did not receive one or more drugs pre-operatively; most notably 45% of cardiac prescriptions were not administered. Despite strong evidence to support a change, actual practice continues to fall below accepted standards.

Iatrogenic pneumocephalus is an uncommon complication observed after using the ‘loss-of-resistance’ technique with an air filled syringe. We report and review two cases of pneumocephalus: one subarachnoid and the other epidural.

Nucleoside analogue-induced lactic acidosis is an often fatal condition in patients with HIV. There is only one report of successful treatment with riboflavin. We describe a 30-year-old female with AIDS and nucleoside analogue-induced lactic acidosis that exacerbated shortly after introducing total parenteral nutrition and reversed within hours after the addition of thiamine. Successful treatment of nucleoside analogue-induced lactic acidosis with a high dose of thiamine supports the hypothesis that vitamin deficiency is an important cofactor in the development of this rare and unpredictable condition in patients with HIV. We suggest that high dose B-vitamins should be given to any patient presenting with lactic acidosis under nucleoside analogue treatment.

We describe a case of paradoxical air embolism during orthotopic liver transplantation, early diagnosis, using intra-operative transoesophageal echocardiography after a circulatory failure, allowed early management by hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Patients treated with bleomycin (BLM) are at risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) post-operatively, and this has been associated with high intraoperative concentrations of oxygen. We report progressive arterial desaturation noticeable 2 h after the start of a 4-h radical neck dissection for which the anaesthesia included 50% O2 in N2O. The patient had received two courses of bleomycin within the previous 2 months and had undergone an uneventful right hemiglossectomy under shorter but otherwise similar anaesthesia 4 weeks previously. His pulmonary function tests before the second procedure showed a slight depression of diffusing capacity (DLco) to 80% of predicted and minimal airway obstruction consistent with his history of smoking. The pulse oximetric reading during his second procedure reached 75%, but rose to 95% after treatment with methylprednisolone, salbutamol and inspired O2 concentrations between 80% and 100%. By the end of the procedure, he satisfied the criteria for ARDS and was transferred to the ICU, where he developed bilateral pneumonia, deteriorated and died of multiple organ failure. This case suggests that the risk of hyperoxic pulmonary damage in patients exposed to bleomycin may increase not only with the degree and duration of hyperoxia in a given exposure, but also with the latent effects of recent previous exposure. Near normality of pulmonary function tests cannot be taken as reassurance, and small changes may have more adverse prognostic significance than in patients who have not been exposed to bleomycin.

Despite a low incidence of botulism in the industrialized world some cases occasionally occur in Germany after eating contaminated food. Because botulism is rarely seen, most physicians are unfamiliar with its early recognition and treatment. However, immediate intensive care treatment is important. We report the case of a previously healthy 54-year-old female who developed signs of botulism after eating vacuum packed smoked fish and developed severe respiratory insufficiency with difficult carbon dioxide elimination in the days following.

We report a case of accidental intra-arterial injection of propofol in a 30-year-old woman admitted for curettage. The patient reported pain, which was followed by a hyperaemic area of 6 × 7 cm around the injection site. Later a blanching of the distal part of the hand was noticed, lasting for 3 min. When pain appears during propofol administration, an intra-arterial injection must be excluded.