Perinatal depression encompasses major and minor depressive episodes that occur either during pregnancy or within the first 12 months following delivery.

To screen 213 women for depression symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum at the Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Center of Serbia and in the Primary Health Center “Zvezdara”.

Two thousand thirteen women, without psychiatric history, were screened for depressive symptoms using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Questionnaire that covered key demographic and obstetric information and EPDS, were administered at the third trimester of pregnancy, and 8 weeks postpartum. Women were identified as at high risk for depression if scores were above a cut-off score of twelve.

Twenty one percent of the sample was screened as depression positive during pregnancy. Subsequently, efforts were made to follow-up 195 women with a postnatal EPDS and ten percent were screened positive during postpartum. Risk factors low education level, dissatisfaction with financial situation, high risk pregnancy and depression during pregnancy. Logistic regression with backwards elimination showed that women who had high risk pregnancy have threefold increased risk for postpartum depression; antenatal depressive symptoms tenfold increased risk for postpartum depression.

Clinicians should be aware of the frequency and level of depressive symptoms during pregnancy, especially in countries where screening tool for depression is not applied routinely in obstetrics settings. Therefore, it is very important to identify women at high risk. Be aware that depression is one of the risk factors that complicate pregnancy.

There is a relative dearth of studies assessing the course of early onset psychoses especially other than schizophrenia.

Follow-up assessment of level of functioning in early onset psychosis.

Analysis of the course and outcome in early onset psychoses. Assessment of prognostic significance of psychopathological symptoms profile in the early course of illness.

144 patients with schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis (F20 - F29 according to International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision ICD-10), hospitalized in the period June 1998 - June 2008 in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department was interviewed a mean 7.3 years after the index hospitalization. During interview data concerning course of illness after discharge and present level of functioning were obtained. For 50 of the patients with available results of baseline assessment with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale these data were also analyzed.

Mean age at the index hospitalization was 16.9 years, mean age at the follow-up assessment 24,3 years. Psychotropic drugs were currently receiving 72% of patients. In some kind of educational or vocational activity were engaged 68% of patients. Mortality rate was 2%. Baseline diagnosis of schizophrenia was associated with higher number of hospitalizations, current pharmacotherapy and lower probability of being in romantic relationship. Negative symptoms present during index hospitalization were associated with more intensive further treatment, but not with the current level of functioning.

Baseline diagnosis and baseline level of negative symptoms were associated with mental health services utilization but had little impact on functional outcome.

Early Intervention Services (EIS) have a number of objectives including reducing legal harm to individuals suffering from psychosis. There are no standardised practices in the UK.

The characteristics of the offending behaviour in an EIS service were profiled using demographic variables, identifying the nature of the offence and reviewing the patient outcomes.

It was a retrospective audit of case notes. The inclusion criterion was a conviction during the EIS care spell.

12 offenders out of 120 patients were identified.58% of offenders were male.58% had harmful use of alcohol/substances and 8% had dependency.

The most prevalent diagnosis was paranoid schizophrenia (25%) and unspecified psychosis (25%). 17% had substance induced psychosis and 8% had bipolar disorder.

The most prevalent crimes were violence to person (41%), threats to life of others (41%), followed by larceny (33%) and violence to property (17%).

25% were detained in hospital, 8% imprisoned and 33% received community sentences.

There was no change in diagnosis in 91% of offenders after the offence.

There was no change in medication in 75% of offenders. 8% had antipsychotic medication changed, 8% had antidepressant medication added, and 8% had ADHD medication added.

A number of demographic risk variables for offending in an EIS were identified. The offending led to limited responses around diagnosis and interventions. Given the proliferation of EIS worldwide, the issue of managing (and ideally preventing) offending will have wide application. Our study suggests more comprehensive evaluation is needed for developing models of intervention.

To determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the prison population in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Through stratified random sampling, 1,192 men and 617 women prisoners were evaluated for the presence of psychiatric disorders by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, 2.1 version, according to definitions and criteria of International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). The prevalence estimates of mental disorders and their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated and adjusted for sample design through complex sample analysis.

Lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates differed between genders. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of any mental disorder was, respectively, 68.9% and 39.2% among women, and 56.1% and 22.1% among men. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of anxious-phobic disorders was, respectively, 50% and 27.7% among women and 35.3% and 13.6% among men, of affective disorders was 40% and 21% among women and 20.8% and 9.9% among men, and of drug-related disorders was 25.2% and 1.6% among women and 26.5% and 1.3% among men. For severe mental disorders (psychotic, bipolar disorders, and severe depression), the lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates were, respectively, 25.8% and 14.7% among women, and 12.3% and 6.3% among men.

This study, which was performed with a representative prison population, showed high rates of psychiatric disorders among men and women. Epidemiological studies on mental health needs of prisoners are crucial for planning and development of appropriate health care programs for specific prison populations.

The Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC) has been shown to have good psychometric properties.

To translate, adapt, and validate a Spanish version of the MASC (MASC-SP) for use in patients with Asperger's syndrome.

To develop an ecological and standardized assessment of social cognition for the Spanish-speaking community.

MASC-SP was administered to a sample of twenty-two patients diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome (3 women, 19 men; mean age 21.94) and twenty-six healthy volunteers (9 women, 17 men; mean age 22.92). Other measures of social cognition were also administered: the Strange Stories Task, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, and a emotion recognition task. A brief scale for cognitive evaluation in psychiatric patients was also administered (SCIP).

The Asperger group scored lower on the MASC-SP (p = 0.000), had fewer correct answers on the emotion recognition test (p = 0.000), and poorer understanding of social situations (p = 0.000). The area under the ROC curves was 0.814 for the MASC-SP, 0.795 for the emotion recognition test, 0.912 for the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, and 0.806 for the Strange Stories Task. The Asperger group did not show cognitive deterioration and MASC-SP was proven to be independent for other general cognitive functions. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.86, demonstrating satisfactory internal reliability (> 0.80) very similar to the original instrument (0.84).

The Spanish adaptation of the MASC can be a useful, ecologically valid tool for assessing social cognition.

Depression is one of the most common health issues impacting the university student population. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a short measure that has the potential to serve as a dual-purpose instrument that establishes depressive disorder diagnoses as well as grades the depressive symptom severity.

The current study was designed to study the psychometric properties of a Portuguese version of the PHQ-9 in a sample of university students.

Specifically, we examined the internal reability and convergent validity of the measure.

The English language of the PHQ-9 was translated into Portuguese. The process involved back-translation, crosscultural adaptation, field testing of the pre-final version, as well as final adjustments. A sample of university students completed the PHQ-9, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).

Complete data were obtained from 1241 participants. The mean age of the participants was 23.81 years (SD = 4.87) and 75.3% of them were females. The mean PHQ-9 score was 4.15 (SD = 4.05). The Portuguese version of the PHQ-9 had satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86) and showed moderate convergent validity with the HADS anxiety (r = 0.61; p < 0.01) and HADS depression (r = 0.59; p < 0.01), and strong convergent validity with the BDI (r = 0.85; p < 0.01).

The PHQ-9 has good psychometric properties amongst Portuguese university students. Implications for using the measure as an assessment instrument in the university setting are discussed.

Individuals with bipolar disorder show consistent deficits in olfactory ability and have also shown deficits in social cognition.

To explore the relationship between olfactory ability and social cognition, especially facial emotion perception, in bipolar disorder.

Thirty-nine euthymic outpatients meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for bipolar disorder and a sample of 39 healthy volunteers matched on demographic criteria were recruited. Both groups were assessed at one time point with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), the Emotion Recognition Test, the Faux Pas Recognition Test, as well as measures of general cognition (Asarnow's Span of Apprehension Test, Wisconsin Sort Card Test) and general functioning (GAF, FAST).

Bipolar patients achieved significant lower scores on both capacity for olfactory discrimination (p = 0.02) and recognition of facial emotions (p = 0.03), compared to healthy controls. A significant correlation between the capacity for smell identification (UPSIT) and the recognition of facial expressions (FACE test) was found (p = 0.001). Analyses revealed significant relationships between olfactory identification and facial emotion recognition, theory of mind, general cognition, and functioning. Controlling for age and cigarettes smoked, relationships remained significant between olfactory function and facial emotion recognition. Regression models showed a trend level association between olfactory function and facial emotion recognition above and beyond the influence of age, cigarette smoking, and general cognition.

There is a deficit of olfactory identification in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder that is correlated with a deficit in non-verbal measure of social cognition.

Dental anxiety is a common phenomenon influencing the relationship between a patient and a doctor as well as the course of treatment. The aim of the study was to assess the oral health status and hygienic habits among adult patients with respect to their level of dental anxiety.

In the study we included 117 consecutive adult patients referred to the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics of Wroclaw Medical University. There were 58 women (49.57%) and 59 men (50.43%). The mean age of the patients was 36.57±16.76 years. The level of dental anxiety was assessed by Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS). To evaluate dental health status and oral hygiene the following indices were used: total number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMF/T) as well as surfaces (DMF/S), Approximal Plaque Index (API), Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) - Debris Index (DI) and Calculus Index (CI).

The higher was the level of dental anxiety measured by MDAS, the lower was the number of filled teeth (F/T) and the number of filled dental surfaces (F/S) and the higher was the Calculus Index (CI). There was no significant difference between dental anxiety measured by MDAS and age, gender or level of education; however, smokers had significantly higher anxiety level than non-smokers.

Dental anxiety has disadvantageous influence on oral health status. Low dental and periodontal health status may have many somatic as well as psychosocial consequences, both lowering quality of life of the patient.

Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration), is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease of human copper metabolism, being characterised by excessive accumulation of copper in the body particularly the brain, liver, kidney and cornea. The diagnosis of Wilson's disease is easily overlooked. About half the people with Wilson's disease (40%), have neurological or liver symptoms. Psychiatric symptoms due to Wilson's disease are present in 15% of patients.

To present the case of an adolescent admitted to Clinic of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center Tuzla, initially presented with psychiatric and neurological symptoms, diagnosed at etiologic cause on the basis of biochemical abnormalities of a copper metabolisam, treated with etiological therapy and obtained therapeutic effect.

An 18 years old boy admitted to Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center Tuzla, with prior history of behavioral disturbances in the form of disinterest in the surroundings, decreased interactions with family and with signs of aphasia. Neurological examination revealed drooling of saliva, tongue protrusion and generalized cogwheel rigidity.

Symptomatic treatment started with no therapeutic efficacy. After laboratory testings were done, findings showed low serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels, and with positive Kayser-Fleischer rings on ophtalmoscopic examination by slit lamp, and computerized tomography of the head indicate neuro-degenerative disease, Wilson disease has been diagnosed. After psychiatric observation and treatment started, patient was transferred to Department of Neurology, University Clinical Centre Tuzla. The patient responded very well to therapy with D - penicillamin, Clozapin, essential phospholipids, vitamins and pyridoxin. Regular follow up advised to evaluate the outcome.

Cognitive deficits, such as verbal memory dysfunction, are a core feature of schizophrenia. Yet the longitudinal course and associations of cognitive deficits with antipsychotic medication remain unclear.

Our aim was to analyze how lifetime antipsychotic dosage associates with the change of verbal learning and memory in individuals with schizophrenia during a 9-year follow-up.

Forty-two subjects with schizophrenic psychoses (22 males) from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort went through diagnostic interviews and cognitive assessment including California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) at the ages of 34 and 43 years. Data of the subjects’ lifetime antipsychotic doses in chlorpromazine equivalents were collected from patient history records, interviews and national registers. The association between verbal learning and memory (immediate free recall of trials 1-5 and free recall after long delay) and dose-years of antipsychotics was analyzed by logistic regression model.

Higher dose-years of any and typical antipsychotics, but not atypical antipsychotics, associated statistically significantly to worse verbal learning and memory in cross-sectional analyses at age 34 years, even when onset age, sex, and severity of symptoms were controlled for. However, there was no statistically significant association between lifetime antipsychotic use and verbal learning and memory change between ages 34 and 43 years.

High lifetime antipsychotic dose did not associate to decrease in verbal learning and memory in schizophrenia in 9 years of follow-up. To our knowledge, this is a first report on association between cumulative lifetime antipsychotic use and change in cognition in a long-term naturalistic follow-up.

Some study suggest that unipolar mania could be a separate subtype, while there is no unipolar mania listing in DSM. We compared sociodemographic and clinical data of unipolar and bipolar mania.

In an analytical-observation study,through 850 patients with bipolar I disorder, in 10 years of illness duration, 240 patients were included. We evaluated demographic and clinical information and interview with patients and their families consistent with DSM, then we assessment the comorbidities and other clinical conditions and analysed our data by using the mann-witney test, chi-squar test and fisher exact test.

22.4% of 219 patients presented a course of illness characterized by unipolar manic episodes without history of major or mild depression. When this group was compared with 170 manic patients with a previous history of depressive episodes, we found significant similarities in most demographic, familial, and clinical characteristics. Just positive family history for MDD was higher in bipolar mania significantly (P< 0.005). Unipolar mania group reported more congruent psychotic symptoms (Pv= 0.005). Lastly in unipolar group total number of episodes is less than and manic episodes is more than bipolar. (Pv= 0.005).

There is no prominent differences between two groups and inform clinical and psychopathological have common characteristics in unipolar and bipolar mania. So, biologic, physiologic and anatomical bases of unipolar and bipolar mania could be similar. Literature on this topic is still insufficient, and it is necessary to ongoing unipolar manic studies in future.

Schizophrenia and mood disorders are chronic forms of mental illness. Quantum resonance spectrometer (QRS) test may be useful as a biological marker for the clinical diagnosis of psychiatric disorders of mental illness.

To evaluate reliability and psychiatric clinical value of quantum resonance spectrometer (QRS) in affective disorders detection.

We studied 1014 schizophrenic patients and 248 patients with mood disorders (including 93 major depression patients). Affective disorder symptoms of same subjects obtained from QRS test and psychiatrists’ diagnoses were compared. Also 3 affective disorder symptoms of renumbered 93 major depressive patients were discriminated using QRS.

Kappa values of affective disorder detection and diagnosed were more than 0.69 in all 3 symptoms of schizophrenia, and more than 0.65 in 6/7 symptoms of mood disorder. Same consistency could also be seen in Pearson R value, and ROC AUC. In the discriminated analysis, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive of hypothymia, anxiety, and irritability detected utilizing QRS are more than 0.66 compared with psychiatrists’ diagnoses.

The study is limited by no collected psychiatric rating scale data.

QRS in affective disorder detection seem to have a predictable value for outcome in schizophrenia and mood disorder, would become an objective identification and diagnosis instrument, and might promote psychiatric clinical diagnosis.

Although several lines of evidences suggest that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, this association remains controversial. Here, we aim to investigate the genetic association between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and schizophrenia and to explore whether this polymorphism could influence the severity of clinical symptoms in schizophrenia patients in a Chinese Han population.

Genotyping of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism was carried out in 456 schizophrenia patients and 483 controls by the fluorescence resonance energy transfer method (FRET). The patients’ psychotic symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The general clinical data of schizophrenia patients were analyzed.

There were significant differences in the genotype distribution and allelic frequencies of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism between the schizophrenia group and normal control. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism explained approximately 16% for the variance of anxiety/depression symptoms in schizophrenia patients.

Our data provides evidence that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism may be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia in Chinese Han population. Furthermore, the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is a significant influencing factor on the severity of anxiety/depression symptoms in schizophrenia patients.

The large number of children with neuromotor pathology associated with mental retardation met in our clinic made us approach this topic. We have chosen this study in order to reveal the benefit of multidisciplinary treatment of these children.

• assessment of children with cerebral palsy and mental retardation aiming an appropriate and individualized therapeutic plan.

• to draw a warning regarding the needs of therapeutic methods of children with cerebral palsy and mental retardation.

We studied 75 children diagnosed with cerebral palsy and mental retardation, evaluated between 2010-2011 in National Medical Center of Neuropsychomotor Rehabilitation for Children Dr. Nicolae Robanescu in Bucharest. Our methods were: observation, clinical interview with parents and children, Hamburg test and Portage guide.

In our sample there were 30 girls and 45 boys, 46,66% from urban region, 53,33% from rural region, 53,33% with moderate mental retardation, 33,33% with mild mental retardation and 13,33% with severe mental retardation. Multidisciplinary therapeutic approach (kineto therapy, ergo therapy, psychological intervention and medication) led to improvement in motor and psychic skills. Periodical evaluation at 6 month contributed to an appropriate therapeutic intervention.

Data from our study confirms that early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention lead to improvement in skills of children with cerebral palsy and mental retardation and implicitly a better life quality. The approach of these children problems in a multidisciplinary team is determinant for obtaining better performances.