The idea that some people may not be able to control their stealing impulses emerged in 1838, when Esquirol and Marc coined the term Kleptomanie. Although there are not many studies regarding this issue, becoming therefore difficult to establish epidemiological data, various clinical samples suggest a high prevalence of the disorder. As the problem most likely become chronic when left untreated, the diagnostic approach is very important.

Literature review and discussion about kleptomania, regarding a case report.

Clinical interviews and literature review in PUBMED database.

Female patient, 62 years, with history of Personality Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder, confesses in psychiatric appointment that she had been caught stealing. She says that she has this “addiction to steal” since childhood, always stealing cheap stuff, that she does not need, usually giving it away to other people. She has this behavior as she feels an unexpected and irresistible impulse to steal, with increasing anxiety, which relieves when action is consumed. Afterwards she experiences feelings of shame and guilt. The patient symptoms appear to get worse in depressive relapses.

Regarding individual, family and social impact of kleptomania is essential to assess it and to treat it promptly. Most of the patients are ashamed of their behavior, so they may not self-report. There are few and controversial data concerning treatment, but it is widely accepted that co-morbidity with mood disorders or substance use disorders is common and may interfere with treatment.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Cardiotoxic effects of methamphetamine have been proposed in many investigations, but the risk of striated muscles involvement among methamphetamine abusers is unknown.

A case-control study has begun in our teaching hospital to examine the association between methamphetamine abuse and myopathy. The study population are adult clients who admit in the electrodiagnostic medicine clinic since January 2015 with complains of weakness. For each subject with myopathy, 2 controls without myopathy are randomly selected from the same population. Self-reported history of methamphetamine abuse is acceptable in both groups.

A total of 56 persons with myopathy and 112 controls have been identified, of whom 5 (9 percent) and 3 (3 percent) had history of methamphetamine abuse, respectively. Persons with history of methamphetamine abuse have about three times greater chance to develop myopathy (95% CI: 1.5–5.1) as compared with controls.

There is a misconception among some workers that some illicit drugs such as psycho stimulants can improve their ability to work. In contrast, this study demonstrates that due to harmful effect on the muscles, methamphetamine could diminish the ability to work in long time.

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

The western societies have a rapidly aging population and an increasing number of elderly with alcohol use disorders.

The purpose of the elderly study is to develop and test an outpatient behavior therapy program for people with an alcohol use disorders.

To investigate the association between ages, gender, drinking pattern and psychology distress.

The study is a randomized study expected to enroll and treat 1000 participants aged 60+ years before April 2017; 200 in USA; 400 in Germany and 400 in Denmark. To be included in the study the participants have to fulfil the DSM-5 criteria for alcohol use disorder. All participants are examined at baseline, and at four follow up interviews. After the baseline interview all participants are randomized to Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET); or MET followed by 8 weeks of counseling based on the Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) with a module added to address problems relevants to elderly people.

The presentation will include baseline characteristics of the Danish participants including demographics, expectations to treatment, history of drinking in the last 90 days before baseline and their psychological distress. We have now enrolled 259 participants in the Danish database. We expect to present results from 320 patients.

The data will present information about the profile of 60+ years’ individuals seeking treatment for alcohol use disorder, and thereby provide knowledge about which characteristics that may be important when planning treatment for this age group.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

To assess severity of cognitive disturbances during use of individualized therapy.

Study sample included 40 men with diagnosis of alcohol dependence in the period of remission formation. Methods of pictograms, “ten words”, techniques “analogs”, “number square”, “index of functional flexibility of nervous processes” were applied. Measurement was conducted before and after individualized therapy. Depending on structure of cognitive disturbances the individualized therapy included the following: pharmacotherapy, audiovisual, vibrotactile, oxygen-hyperthermic, resonance-acoustic and psychotherapeutic interventions.

Assessment of drawings of the method of pictograms before and after individualized therapy testifies to increase of number of adequate associations in 36.4% of cases, decrease of inadequate symbolic in average from 1.91 scores to 1.77. After therapy part of graphic phenomena-indicators of organic diseases (in 63.64% of patients) and index of severity of organic graphic symptom complex (from 2.14 ± 1.04 to 1.43 ± 0.98, differences are reliable at Р < 0.05) decreased. A set of associations was widened, number of abstractions of high level increased in 31.82% of cases. It was revealed that abilities to generalize and abstract did not change after therapy. Average productivity of mediated remembering after therapy increased from 58,08% to 71.67%. Increase of volume of attention and its switchover capability, increase of average index of functional flexibility of nervous processes from 1.19 ± 0.26 to 1.62 ± 0.16 (differences are reliable at Р < 0.05) were revealed.

Thus, administered with account for structure of disorders individualized therapy allows significant improvement of cognitive functions of alcoholic patients.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Often find it difficult diagnostic approach to patients with symptoms that could correspond to several clinical entities. This requires making a correct differential diagnosis to enable a better understanding and addressing the disease in an individualized way.

Describe pathogenetic factors of paranoid schizophrenia highlighting their relationship with drug consumption.

Review of the clinical history of a patient admitted to acute ward of the Hospital General Universitario of Valencia.

A case of a 30-year-old man, whose income is motivated by persistent and structured autolytic ideation occurs. It presents positive symptoms for several years and amotivational syndrome ago. It has a history of cannabis, cocaine and alcohol since he was thirteen and remains abstinent for more than six months ago. Differential diagnosis arises between amotivational toxic syndrome, reactive depressive symptoms to the disease and negative symptoms for chronic psychotic process. Finally diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and is included in the program of first psychotic episodes.

Today the productive symptoms disappeared and remain negative though with less intensity achieving an improvement in overall activity.

Consumption of toxic influences the development of a chronic psychotic process that may appear years later, becoming a etiological and maintainer factor, not only if its consumption continue, but other effects that occur long term amotivational syndrome and worsening prognosis.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Traditionally, cannabis is associated with antiemetic action after acute consumption. However, in 2004 the cannabinoid hyperemesis as paradoxical effect of chronic users, after years of exposure described.

Description of the cannabinoid hyperemesis.

OLOGYA case is presented.

Clinical case of a woman who repeatedly comes to the emergency service because of abdominal, nausea and vomiting pain.

This is cyclical and hardly controllable. The gastroenterology service studied in depth with negative results. She was followed up by mental health borderline personality disorder and she consumed cannabis at an early age, 20–30 joints daily.

When she reaches abstinence in short periods, ceases digestive discomfort. However, aprece digestive symptoms with each relapse. The present case showed improvement with cessation of cannabis so it probably was the cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.

The cannabinoid hyperemesis is characterized by recurrent episodes of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and chronic cannabis use. Temporary relief is achieved with hot baths. Ceases when abstinence is achieved. It is a clinical entity that does not have much information and requires further study.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Legal and illegal drugs can cause psychotic symptoms, in cocaine-dependent patients the prevalence of these symptoms may reach 86% (Vorspan, 2012). It is estimated that 13–32% of cocaine-dependent patients have kinaesthetic hallucinations (Siegel, 1978; Mahoney, 2008; Roncero, 2012).

To compare the prevalence of substance-induced psychotic symptoms and compare the use of welfare/social resources and social adjustment among cocaine-dependent patients (CD) and other substances dependences (OtherD).

Two hundred and six patients seeking treatment at the Addictions and Dual Diagnosis Unit of the Vall d’Hebron. Patients were assessed by ad hoc questionnaire designed to collect demographic data and psychotic symptoms associated with consumption, a record of the care/social resources used by the patient and the scale of social adaptation (SASS). A descriptive and bivariate analysis of the data was performed.

CD were 47.1% vs. 52.9% OtherD (66.1% alcohol, 17.4% cannabis, 8.3% opioid, 8.3% benzodiazepines/other drugs). Of cocaine dependent-patients, 65.6% present psychotic symptoms vs. 32.1% for the OtherD. Different exhibiting psychotic symptoms are: self-referential (69.7% vs. 30.7%), delusions of persecution (43.4% vs. 12.2%), hallucinations (49.4% vs. 14.3%), auditory hallucinations (43.5% vs. 11.4%), visual hallucinations (30.4% vs. 5.7%) and kinaesthetic hallucinations (7.2% vs. 2.9%).

Cocaine-dependent patients significantly use more health care resources in reference addiction unit (76.3% vs. 62.4%, P:.035) and infectious diseases (22.7% vs. 5.5%, P:.000) and justice-related (50.5% vs. 26 resources 0.6%; P:1.001) and less resources and mental health (25.8% vs. 43.1%; P:.013).

Regarding social adaptation, no differences were found in the SASS. Kinaesthetic hallucinations do not appear to be related to a greater use of resources and in social adaptation.

References not available.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Accident rate have a high social cost. Cocaine consumption increases the risk of traffic crashes (Monras, 2011; Fierro, 2011). However, there is not extensively studies in addicts.

Compare and analyze the history of accidents and risk behaviors while driving in cocaine dependent patients (DC) and of other substances (OtherD).

One hundred and eighty-two patients seeking treatment since January 2014 to September 2015. Sociodemographic and accident-related variables were collected, also administered the MDBQ. Descriptive analysis and bivariate analysis using Chi-square test for categorical variables and Student t test was performed for quantitative.

Of women, 30.3%, and 69.7% men, mean age 43.67 years (SD = 13). 65.6% currently driving or above. 45.2% DC vs. 54.8 DOther (35.6% alcohol, cannabis 8.3%, 5.8% opioid and 5.1% other drugs).

Comparing accident rate on the DC is a tendency to have suffered more accidents (χ2: 2.62 P=.072). Patients addicted to cocaine referred further potentially dangerous activities both under the influence of consumption (65.9% vs. 33.3%) and abstinence (41.7% vs. 12%).

As for the results of MDBQ, it has been detected that cocaine addicts show more errors and traffic violations. No differences in the lapses identified by patients of different groups.

Patients with cocaine dependence have more accidents, reduced risk perception and recognize more mistakes and traffic violations. Cocaine implies a high risk of road accidents and exposure to high-risk situations compared to the use of other substances.

References not available.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

E-cigarettes (EC) are widely used in general population and may facilitate smoking cessation. However, efficacy and addictive potential of EC remain insufficiently studied.

To characterize e-cigarette use and its impact on tobacco use/cessation.

Online survey was available on CEIP website (September 2014–March 2015). Questionnaire assessed smoking status, tobacco and e-cigarette use, including reasons for use, efficacy, adverse effects and dependence (Fagerström test of cigarette dependence [F] and an adapted version to e-cigarette use [Fm]).

One thousand one hundred and twenty-one EC users answered (1008 ex-smokers, 113 current smokers), with mean age of 39 ± 10 years and 72% female. Ninety-six percent e-cigarette users agreed that vaping is useful for tobacco cessation, 80% succeeded to quit/reduce their smoking. Reasons for EC use are partial/complete alternative to smoking, lower toxicity, less side effects and lower cost. Most of ex-smokers (66%) has no/low dependence to EC (Fm ≤ 4) since current smokers reduced dramatically their tobacco consumption by EC use. Among all EC users, 75% had a craving for EC. Use of EC is described as pleasant as tobacco for 59% ex-smokers and 39% smokers. Eighty-three percent of ex-smokers and 68% of smokers do not intend to stop vaping.

E-cigarettes are used primarily for smoking cessation and show effectiveness for harm-reduction, but a secondary dependence to nicotine contains in EC can be observed (Figure 1).

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Pathological gambling (PG) is currently included among Addictive Disorders (DSM-5). However, its phenomenology resembles features of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Several models of addiction conceptualize a progression from impulsivity to compulsivity transitioning from initial positive reinforcement motivations to later negative reinforcement and less pleasurable and automaticity mechanisms.

A 34-year-old male, since diagnosed with PG in 2013 and prescribed a group rehabilitation therapy, presented in 2015 complaining of intrusive thoughts and depression symptoms. During the psychiatric examination emerged: low mental concentration; dysphoria; hyporexia; irritability; insomnia; persistent ideas and excessive preoccupations to be betrayed by his girlfriend; and behaviours of hyper control on her life. He has been evaluated using MMPI-2 (obsessivity Tscore 70, depression Tscore 67) and BIS-11 (high score of non-planning impulsiveness).

It appeared there was a shift from ego-syntonic novelty driven/impulsive behaviours focused primarily on gambling to ego-dystonic habit driven/compulsive behaviours focused on her girlfriend. He started an individual psychodynamic psychotherapy centred on dysfunctional beliefs and behavioural strategies for treating the compulsive features. As thought content was the most relevant aspect, he was prescribed olanzapine, not a SSRI (normally indicated for OCD), up to 10 mg/die. After a month obsessions and compulsions reduced, and he seemed to reach a good level of personal functioning, despite a rigid anankastic personality trait.

As the management of compulsive behaviours is complex, physician should better assess and recognize psychological personality aspect, collecting patients’ complete history, also testing them psychometrically, and paying more attention to an eventual treatment (both psychological and pharmacological).

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

One of the main risk factors for both HIV-infection and syphilis is addictive behavior.

The objective of the study was to determine the impact of addictions on the HIV and syphilis coinfection.

Sixty-five HIV-infected patients with syphilis were examined by a clinical method.

The sample included 45 men (average age 32.09 ± 9.83) and 20 women (average age 31.7 ± 5.97). All patients were characterized by risky behavior. Seventy-one percent of men belonged to the category of men who have sex with men (MSM). Eighty-five percent of women had drug dependence (as compared to 61% for men who have sex with women (MSW) and 19% for МSМ; P < 0.05). Women were more likely to have opiate dependence (P < 0.001; as compared to men). We revealed a high incidence of drug addiction and alcoholism with the prevalence of dependence on opioids (F11; 55.0%; 7.7%), polysubstance use (F19; 25.0%; 23.1%) and alcoholism (F10; 50.0%; 61.25%) among women and MSW respectively (P < 0.05 as compared to MSM). Only 50% of women and 23% of MSW were in remission. MSM regularly consumed stimulants and cannabinoids without developing dependence.

Injecting drug use is typical of women and MSW and plays a leading role in the risk factors for HIV infection and syphilis. Addictive behavior among MSM increases risky sexual behavior and thus influences infection with HIV and syphilis.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

There are no data in literature on mental disorders in HIV-infected patients with syphilis.

The objective of the study was to determine the structure of mental disorders in HIV-infected patients with syphilis.

Sixty-five HIV-infected patients with syphilis were examined by a clinical method.

The sample included 45 men (average age 32.09 ± 9.83) and 20 women (average age 31.7 ± 5.97). We divided the sample into three comparison groups (according to the importance of risk factors): women, men who have sex with men (MSM), and men who have sex with women (MSW).

Mental disorders were identified in most patients (83%). Opiate dependence (F11, ICD-10) was established in 55% of women (7.7% for MSW, 0% in MSM; P < 0.001). The dependence on multiple drug use (F19) was revealed with nearly the same frequency in women (25.0%) and in MSW (23.1%); but far less frequently in MSM (3.2%; P = 0.047). The dependence on stimulants (F15) was found in women (5.0%) and MSM (6.3%). The dependence on alcohol (F10) was more common among MSW (61.5%) and women (50.0%) (9.4% in MSM; P < 0.001). 20% of women had Depressive episode (F32). Adjustment disorders (F43) were found much more often in men (43.8% for MSM; 38.5% for MSW; 10% for women; P = 0.035). Personality disorders (F60) were found in all the groups.

We revealed a high incidence of addictions among women and MSW. Affective disorders were represented by depressive episode in women and adjustment disorders in men.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Egypt is one of the most famous endemic areas for hepatitis C virus. Drug use in Egypt is rising exponentially. Drug use is always considered one of the main risk factors for HCV.

To assess the effect the route of drug use on the incidence of HCV in the Egyptian population.

To study the effects of opiates (tramadol and heroin) use and the route of intake on the incidence of HCV infection among addicts treated in Mamoura mental state hospital, Alexandria, Egypt.

This is a cross-sectional study on drug dependence patients visiting the out patient clinic for addiction in Elmamora Hospital.

Subjects were divided into two groups.

Group I: Control group.

Twenty non-addict volunteers.

Group II: Cases groups (comprising 60 subjects)

This group will be divided into three sub-groups each contains 20 cases.

Group IIa: consuming tramadol.

Group IIb: consuming tramadol and heroin by injection.

Group IIc: consuming tramadol and heroin by inhalation.

All studied groups were subjected to:.

1. detailed history taking, urine screening tests for drugs of abuse, liver functions tests and HCV screening.

The study showed deterioration in liver function tests in the heroin and tramadol use groups compared to the tramadol only use.

There was a statistical significant difference in the incidence of HCV infection in the heroin injection group (85%) compared to 35% in the heroin non injector users and only 5% in tramadol users had HCV positive.

Heroin injection showed the highest risk for both liver function deterioration and HCV infection.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Despite different treatment approaches many drug addicted patients continue to use drugs during and after treatment.

Personality traits are considered risk factors for drug use, and, in turn, the psychoactive substances impact individuals’ traits.

To describe the sample of 186 opioid addicted patients entered hospital treatment and assessing the differences in personality traits between abstinent and non-abstinent after one year.

A cohort of 186 patients consecutively admitted to the detoxification unit was investigated. The research interview, the Big Five Inventory (BFI), the Treatment Outcomes Profile (TOP) were administered during the first week of admission to the detoxification unit. Urine test was administered on the day of admission and at each follow-up point in combination with the TOP (after three, six and twelve months). Illicit drugs abstinence during one year after intake was selected as a treatment outcome measure.

Twelve months after admission 82 (44.9%) patients abstained completely. Agreeable patients remain in treatment longer (r = 0.20, P = 0.07). Extraversion and openness are negatively correlated with abstinence after six and twelve months (r = –0.15, P = 0.041; r = –0.15, P = 0.044). Neuroticism is in negative correlation with duration of treatment (r = –0.20, P = 0.006). Patients who are less open to new experiences are more likely to abstain from drugs 6 months after admission (r = –0.17, P = 0.021).

Personality measured with BFI correlates with treatment outcome poorly. At the same time personality could have an important role in responding to treatment, but personality traits could be at the same time protective as well as risk factors.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Studies have shown high association between trauma exposure in childhood and adulthood, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD). Women seeking treatment for SUD are more likely to have histories of sexual and physical abuse.

To study the effect of gender difference on the history of traumatic experiences and the mental health problems of the SUD patients.

Cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at the Addiction Treatment Center at El Maamoura psychiatric hospital. Two hundred adult inpatients were recruited and assessed using a structured interview questionnaire to collect sociodemographic data, substance-use history, and medical and psychiatric history. The semi structured psychiatric interview was applied, and psychometric assessment was performed using Arabic version of Trauma History Screen (THS) for assessment of trauma exposure, and the Arabic version of the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, civilian version (PCL-C) for assessment of current PTSD.

One hundred and fifty-six were males (78.0%), 44 were females (22.0%). Females were significantly more likely to be exposed to sexual abuse at childhood (P = 0.002) and adulthood (P = 0.050), score higher on PCL-C (P = 0.002), to have major depressive disorder (MDD) (P = 0.028), and have suicidal plans and attempts (P = 0.001).

Females with substance use disorder are more likely to be victims of sexual trauma, to develop Post-traumatic stress disorder and to have more complicated psychiatric comorbidities than their male counterparts.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Turkish version of the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale was previously validated in a sample of psychiatric inpatients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate psychometric properties of the sensation seeking subscale of this scale in a sample of inpatients with alcohol use disorder.

Participants (n = 190) were evaluated with the sensation seeking subscale of UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale.

Sensation seeking subscale had two factors, which together accounted for 63.80% of total variance. As similar with original subscale internal consistency for the sensation seeking (coefficient α=0.859), factor 1 (α=0.862) and factor 2 (α=0.755) examined by Cronbach's alpa, were high. Factor 1 (r = 0.894) and factor 2 (r = 0.863) were highly correlated with total score, whereas moderately correlated (r = 0.544) with each other. Test-retest correlation for sensation seeking (n = 120) was mild (r = 0.460). Test-retest correlation for factor 1 was moderate (r = 0.518) and for factor 2 was mild (r = 0.431).

These findings support the Turkish versions of the sensation seeking subscale of the UPPS has good psychometric properties among inpatients with alcohol use disorder.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate relationship of impulsivity with severity of ADHD symptoms while controlling the effects of anxiety and depression in a sample of inpatients with alcohol use disorder.

Participants included 190 inpatients with alcohol use disorder. Participants were evaluated with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Short Form Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11-SF) and the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS).

Impulsivity predicted both severity of ADHD symptoms and inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive dimensions, even after controlling the effects of depression and anxiety in linear regression models. Types of negative affect that predicted dimensions of ADHD differed; similar with severity of ADHD symptoms, depression and trait anxiety also predicted inattentive dimension, whereas trait and state anxiety predicted hyperactive/impulsive dimension.

Impulsivity is related with severity of ADHD symptoms and dimensions of ADHD although negative affect that is related with dimensions may differ.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Mechanical restraint is a therapeutic procedure commonly applied in acute units in response to psychomotor agitation. Its frequency is between 21 and 59% of patients admitted. These patients represent a risk to both themselves and for health workers. There is a myth that patients with substance use disorder (SUD) are more aggressive and require more forceful measures. There are not clinical studies that compared if there are differences of the frequency of mechanical restrain in patients with SUD.

The aim of this study is to explore the differences of frequency of mechanical restraint on patients with SUD in the psychiatry acute and dual pathology units and others psychiatric diagnostics.

We reviewed retrospectively the informatics record of all the mechanical restraints made and the total discharges of the three acute care units and dual disorders of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions Institute (INAD) of the Parc de Salut Mar de Barcelona, between January 2012 and January 2015. For every discharge the presence of at least one mechanical restraint and the DSM-IV diagnostic were coded. Then was calculated the frequency and proportion of mechanical retrains in every diagnostic group.

The number of discharges analyzed was 4659 from which 838 had an episode of mechanical restraint. The 37% of patients with SUD of cocaine had an episode of mechanical restrain. The patients with SUD of alcohol only the 4%, and there no one case on patients with SUD of Cannabis. Thirty percent of patients with schizophrenia and 28% of bipolar disorder.

L. Galindo is a Rio-Hortega-fellowship-(ISC-III;CM14/00111).

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.