Treaties — Operation and Enforcement of — Relation to Municipal Law — Primacy of Treaties — French Constitution of 1946.

States as international persons — State succession — With regard to contractual obligations — Merger of States — Agreement with the former ruler granting exemptions from taxes — Whether successor bound — Continuity of the law — What is law — The constitution of India — The law of India

International officials — Claims against officials' organization — Grading of officials — United Nations Staff Regulation 2.1 — Harmonization of conditions of service in United Nations and specialized agencies — Budgetary and other resolutions — Damages — Scope of function of United Nations Administrative Tribunal.

Air Law — Flying Boat — Whether Ship or Vessel — Marine Insurance — Merchant Shipping Act, 1894 — Air Navigation Acts, 1920 and 1936

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over ports and national waters — Statute providing right of action to seaman suffering personal injury — Interpretation of statute consistently with international law — Action by foreign seaman against foreign shipowner for Injury sustained in territorial waters of State of forum — The law of the United States of America.

Human rights — Right to life — Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 2 and 3 — Treatment contrary to Article 3 must reach a minimum level of severity in all circumstances — Confinement of aliens permissible only to prevent unlawful migration while still complying with international law — Conditions of detention to be compatible with human dignity — Whether Article 3 obliging States to provide accommodation to all persons within their jurisdiction or to provide all refugees with financial assistance to maintain certain standard of living — Whether States under positive obligation to provide decent material conditions and accommodation to impoverished and vulnerable asylum seekers — Principle of non-refoulement — Prohibition of direct and indirect refoulement — Article 13 — Right to an effective remedy — Remedy to be effective in law and practice — Effective remedy to Article 3 claim must involve close and rigorous scrutiny and include potential for execution of impugned measure — Article 41 — Just satisfaction — Non-pecuniary damages — Costs — Article 46 — Binding force and execution of judgments — Rules of Court — Rule 39 — Interim measures — KRS v. United Kingdom

War — Enemy Character — Of Individuals — Trading with the Enemy — National of Belligerent State Voluntarily Resident in Enemy Territory — The Law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Whether implementing legislation required to incorporate treaty into municipal law — Whether treaty confers rights upon individuals — Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 — Compensation provisions — Whether giving rise to rights enforceable in Italian courts — Whether establishment of Conciliation Commission excludes jurisdiction of Italian courts

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law

War and armed conflict — Peace treaties — Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 — Whether conferring rights upon individuals enforceable in Italian courts — The law of Italy

Annexation of Territory — Act of State — State Succession — The Law of India.

State Succession — Respect for Private Rights — Annexation of Territory — Act of State — The Law of India.

Recognition — Of Annexation — Non-recognition of Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic — Effects of — Recognition of Confiscatory Legislation of Foreign State.

States — Recognition of Legislative Decrees of Foreign States — Confiscatory Legislation — Recognition — Non-Recognition of Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic — Effects of.

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of — Requirement that claim must have been owned by national at relevant date — Relevant date laid down by treaty.

Cession — Obligations of Ceding State in the Period between Armistice Agreement and Entry into Force of the Treaty of Peace.

Treaties — Operation of — Obligations in the Period between Armistice Agreement and Entry into Force of the Peace Treaty.

Armistice — Armistice Agreement of 11 November, 1918 — Obligations in the Period between Armistice Agreement and Entry into Force of the Treaty of Peace.

State Succession — Respect of Private Rights — Private Rights Granted for Political Purposes — Holdings of German Settlers in Territory Ceded by Germany to Poland — Personal and Real Character of Rights — Jura ad rem — Article 256 of the Treaty of Versailles — Armistice Agreement of 11 November, 1918 — Rights of Disposal and Administration in the Period between Armistice and Entry into Force of the Treaty of Peace.

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Legislation enacted by EEC institutions — Status under municipal law — Directives — Direct effect — Conditions — Failure of Member State to implement provisions of directive by specified time — Whether directive may be relied upon by individuals before municipal courts

International organizations — EEC — Powers — Legislation — Directives enacted by Council — Direct effect — Directive conferring margin of discretion on Member States — Individual provisions imposing precise obligation and capable of having direct effect — Whether severable from other provisions of directive

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Article 189 — Directives — Whether capable of conferring rights on individuals

Economics, trade and finance — Taxation — Value added tax (“VAT”) — Harmonization — Sixth EEC Council Directive 77/388 — Exemptions conferred by directive — Implementation in Member States — Failure of Member State to comply with obligations — Whether individuals may invoke exemptions under directive in case of non-implementation — The law of the European Economic Community

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — State legislation in conflict with Federal power to regulate foreign commerce — The law of the United States

International Court of Justice — Advisory Jurisdiction — Refusal of Interested States to Participate in the Proceedings.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principle of Effectiveness — Limits of — Settlement of Disputes — Refusal of a Party to Appoint a Commissioner — Power of Secretary-General of the United Nations to Appoint Third Commissioner — Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Roumania.

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Alleged violations of jus cogens — Torture — Claims for damages for torture committed outside forum State — Whether defendant State immune — General provision for immunity — Whether exception for jus cogens violation — State Immunity Act 1978, Sections 1(1) and 5 — Whether Section 1(1) of the Act should be read subject to implied exception for claims which alleged torture — Whether English courts having jurisdiction

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Officials — Definition of State — Whether including officials — Whether officials acting in official capacity entitled to same immunity as State — Whether torture official act attracting immunity ratione materiae — Whether exception applying — State Immunity Act 1978 — Whether English courts having jurisdiction

State immunity — Human rights — Relationship between law of State immunity and human rights — State Immunity Act 1978 — Whether Act disproportionate — Whether Act inconsistent with a peremptory norm of international law prohibiting torture — Whether application of Act infringing claimants' right of access to a court under Article 6 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether English courts having jurisdiction to entertain claims — Whether States recognizing or giving effect to international law obligation to exercise jurisdiction over claims arising from alleged breaches of peremptory norms of international law — Sources of international law — Treaties — Judicial decisions — Reputed publicists — Whether recognizing exception to State immunity for torture cases in civil proceedings — Whether ancillary procedural rule entitling or requiring States to assume civil jurisdiction over other States in alleged torture cases

Human rights — Freedom from torture — Torture Convention, 1984 — Claimants alleging systematic torture by State officials while in custody of foreign State — Article 14 of Torture Convention, 1984 — Interpretation — Whether other States required to provide remedy for acts of torture committed outside their territory — Jus cogens prohibition of torture — Whether taking precedence over other rules of international law — Nature of State immunity international law rules — Whether States recognizing or giving effect to international law obligation to exercise jurisdiction over claims arising from alleged breaches of peremptory norms of international law — Whether entitlement to immunity when sued for torture

Human rights — Right of access to court — Kingdom of Saudi Arabia claiming immunity for itself and its officials — Whether immunity incompatible with claimants' right of access to court — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6

Relationship of international law and municipal law — State Immunity Act 1978 — Interpretation — Human Rights Act 1998, Section 3 — Whether Section 1(1) of State Immunity Act 1978 could be read in way compatible with Convention rights — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6 — Whether State Immunity Act 1978 could be interpreted in manner permitting immunity to be refused to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its officials in respect of torture claims — The law of England

Sovereign immunity — Foreign State-owned corporation — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Policy — Judicial determination of claims of sovereign immunity — Procedure — Respective roles of Federal courts not possessing exclusive jurisdiction — Requirement that provision for removal of cases to Federal courts be strictly construed — The law of the United States

International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — Interpretation of Statute Apparently Conflicting with International Law.

Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Rulers of Vassal States — Immunity from Taxation.

Vassal States — Immunity of Indian Rulers from Taxation — International Law and Municipal Law — Law of Nations as Part of Law of the Land — The Law of India.

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Application to administrative agency established under local law — City of New York Commission on Human Rights — Whether Commission entitled to find that advertisement for employment in South Africa expressed racial discrimination — The law of the United States

International law — Relation to municipal law — “Law of nations” defined — Municipal statute conferring jurisdiction upon federal courts in actions by aliens for torts committed in violation of law of nations — Unseaworthiness as such a tort — Action by alien based on claim of unseaworthiness — The law of nations as understood by courts in the United States of America.