International law — Relation to municipallaw — Treaties — Treaty not incorporated in municipal legislation — Bermuda Agreement, 1946 — Status in municipal law — Circumstances in which courts will consider treaties — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial and personal — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — United States airline operating service to and from the United Kingdom — United Kingdom imposing new condition upon airline's operating permit — Whether condition having extraterritorial effect — The law of England

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of treaties — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Treaty not incorporated into municipal legislation — Bermuda Agreement 1946 between United Kingdom and United States — Chicago Convention 1944 — Status of these agreements in municipal law — The law of England

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Interpretation in municipal courts — Warsaw Convention — The law of the United States

Treaties — In general — Form of international agreements — Montreal Agreement 1966 between airlines, members of LATA providing for the insertion of “special contract” in ariline tickets involving transport to or from the United States — Status — The law of the United States

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles and rules of interpretation — Reference to subsequent practice of parties — Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to International Transport by Air — Liability of carrier for “accident” — Whether extending to injuries suffered by passenger during hijacking of aircraft — Effect of the Montreal Agreement of 1966 — Status of the Montreal Agreement — The law of the United States

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Interpretation and application of treaties in municipal courts — Warsaw Convention — The law of the United States

Treaties — In general — Form of international agreements — Montreal Agreement 1966 between airlines, members of LATA — Status in United States courts — The law of the United States

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles and rules of interpretation — Interpretation by municipal court — Warsaw Convention — Meaning of French text a triable issue of fact — The law of the United states

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Interpretation in municipal courts — Interpretation of statute giving effect to treaty — The law of England

Jurisdiction — High Seas — Jurisdiction on High Seas — Pollution of the High Seas — International Convention for Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil 1954 — United Kingdom Oil in Navigable Waters Act 1955 — Prosecution thereunder following particulars furnished by another Contracting Party — Persons liable to prosecution — Whether 1955 Act could provide beyond requirements of a treaty — The law of England

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles and rules of interpretation — Whether enabling municipal legislation can provide beyond requirements of a treaty — International Convention for Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil 1954 — United Kingdom Oil in Navigable Waters Act 1955 — Proceedings thereunder for alleged breach of Convention — Persons liable to prosecution — Whether the word ‘or’ to be construed conjunctively or disjunctively — Procedure — Enforcement of treaty — The law of England

International law in general — Relation to municipallaw — Treaties — Enabling municipal legislation — Statutory provisions interpreted by reference to treaties referred to in preamble — The law of England

Jurisdiction — High Seas — Jurisdiction on High Seas — For ensuring the safety of traffic — Collisions — Salvage — Conventions for Unification of Certain Rules of Law regarding Collisions between Vessels, and Assistance and Salvage at Sea 1910 — United Kingdom Maritime Conventions Act 1911 — Giving effect to Conventions — Whether limitation period thereunder applied to action for damages following sinking of vessel — Construction of provisions by reference to Conventions — The law of England

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles and rules of interpretation — Whether provisions of municipal statute restricted by reference to context including treaties referred to in its preamble — International Conventions for Unification of Certain Rules of Law regarding Collisions between Vessels, and Assistance and Salvage at Sea 1910 — United Kingdom statute giving effect to Conventions — Maritime Conventions Act 1911 — Whether limitation period stipulated thereunder applied to action for damages following sinking of vessel — Whether restricted — The ordinary and natural meaning of words — General words — The law of England

Disputes — Other international courts — Procedure — Court of Justice of the European Communities

International organization and administration — International officials — European Atomic Energy Community — Officials — Disputes with the administration — Persons claiming status of officials or of servants other than local staff — Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice — Service relationship with the Community — Creation — Whether decision of national court can produce such an effect — E.A.E.C. Treaty, Article 152

International law in general — International comity — Whether bringing proceedings before International Court of Justice an unfriendly act

State territory — In general — Nature of territorial sovereignty — Rights over continental shelf — Whether territorial rights — Whether stemming from territorial sovereignty

State territory — Parts of State territory — Boundaries — Water boundaries — Delimitation of continental shelf boundaries

State territory — Parts of State territory — Continental shelf — Character of rights over the continental shelf — Whether territorial rights — Whether dispute about continental shelf rights a dispute relating to territorial status — Greek islands adjacent to Turkish coast — Whether possessing a continental shelf of their own Appropriate method of delimitation

State territory — Parts of State territory — Islands — Greek islands adjacent to the Turkish coast — Whether possessing a continental shelf of their own — Appropriate method of delimitation

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Continental shelf — Whether dispute about continental shelf rights a dispute relating to territorial status — Greek islands adjacent to Turkish coast — Whether possessing a continental shelf of their own — Appropriate method of delimitation

Treaties — In general — Form of international agreements — Press communique issued by two Prime Ministers recording their decision that a dispute would be submitted to the International Court of Justice — Whether capable of amounting to a binding agreement

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of treaties — Reservations — Whether reservation follows evolution of law to take account of new areas of law — Interpretation of reservations — Object and purpose — Distinction between intention and motive — Reference to trauaux preparatoires — Reciprocity — Whether Respondent State entitled to take advantage of reciprocal application of reservation in dispute settlement treaty without appearing before the Court

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of treaties — Operation and enforcement — Settlement of disputes agreement — Whether following evolution of law to include disputes relating to new legal issues

Treaties — Termination of treaties — By operation of law — General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes 1928 — Whether terminated on dissolution of the League of Nations — Change of circumstances — Desuetude — Whether a ground for termination of treaties — Whether leading to termination of General Act

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles and rules of interpretation — Interpretation of reservation — Grammatical construction of reservation ambiguous — Reference to object and purpose — Distinction between intention and motive — Reference to travaux preparatoires — Whether reservation intended to follow evolution of law to take account of new legal issues — Interpretation of informal press communique — Reference to negotiating history

Treaties — Interpretation — Multilingual treaties — Examination of English and French texts of Greek reservation to General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes 1928 — Reference to travaux preparatoires of reservation — Relevance of Greek text of travaux preparatoires

Treaties — Interpretation — Consideration of preparatory work — Examination of preparatory work of reservation to treaty

International organization and administration — The United Nations — The Security Council — Dispute referred to Security Council and International Court of Justice simultaneously — Whether proper for Court to consider case

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Refusal of Respondent State to take part in proceedings — Examination of question of jurisdiction by Court — Extent to which Court may make use of written communications from Respondent — Principle of equality between parties — Indication of interim measures of protection — When necessary

Disputes — Negotiation — Dispute referred to International Court of Justice while negotiations still taking place — Whether a dispute — Whether proper for Court to hear case — Interaction between different methods for the peaceful settlement of disputes — Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Respondent State declining to take part in proceedings — Duty of Court to satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction — Alternative bases for jurisdiction advanced by Applicant — General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes 1928 — Whether in force — Applicant’s reservation to General Act — Whether Respondent entitled to take advantage of reservation without appearing before Court — Press communique stating that Prime Ministers of two States have agreed to submit case to the Court — Whether a basis for jurisdiction in respect of unilateral application by one State

Competence — Competence of the Court challenged on two grounds — Court entitled to base decision on whichever ground seems clearer

Procedure — Refusal of Respondent State to appear before Court — Consequences — Article 53 of the Statute of the Court — Extent to which Court can take account of written communications from the Respondent

Interim measures of protection — Circumstances in which indication of interim measures is required — Whether risk of irreparable prejudice needed — Whether Court has inherent power to indicate interim measures to prevent aggravation of dispute and threat to peace

Dispute also taken before United Nations Security Council — Whether proper for Court to consider dispute of which Council is seised — Difference between political and legal disputes — Negotiations — Whether fact that negotiations are in progress deprives Court of jurisdiction — Whether fact negotiations are taking place means there is no dispute — Interaction of methods of peaceful settlement — Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations

Treaties — Interpretation — Interpretation of reservation — Grammatical construction ambiguous — Interaction of the parties — Distinction between intention and motive — Reference to trauaux preparatoires of reservation — Reservation in respect of disputes relating to “territorial status” — Whether including disputes about continental shelf — Whether including delimitation dispute

Treaties — Change of circumstances — Evolution of international law — Development of doctrine of the continental shelf — Whether treaty providing for settlement of disputes follows evolution of law to cover disputes about new area of the law — Whether reservation also follows evolution of the law

Treaties — Termination — Desuetude — Whether a ground for termination — General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes 1928 — Whether remaining in force while not used — Whether surviving dissolution of the League of Nations

Treaties — Form of international agreements — Press communique issued by two Prime Ministers — Whether capable of constituting a binding international agreement — Interpretation

Jurisdiction — Continental shelf — Character of rights over the continental shelf — Whether territorial rights — Whether dispute about continental shelf rights a dispute relating to territorial status

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Interpretation and application of treaties in municipal courts — Relation to statutes — The law of the United States

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles and rules of interpretation — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade — Reprisals — Economic reprisals imposed in retaliation for imposition of import restrictions — Whether GATT permitting selective reprisals — The law of the United States

Treaties — Special kinds of treaties — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 — Retaliatory suspensions of trade concessions — Whether these must be made on a most — favoured-nation basis — Interpretation and application of the Agreement in municipal courts — The law of the United States

Disputes — Unilateral means of redress short of war — Reprisals — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 — Presidential proclamation withdrawing trade concessions on most — favoured-nation basis in retaliation for E.E.C. restrictions on certain United States exports — Whether authorized by domestic law — Whether selective measure striking at E.E.C. products only would have been consistent with GATT — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — Civilian employee of United States Navy — Violation of the general orders of the military assistance command in Vietnam — Whether subject to court martial jurisdiction — Whether conflict in Vietnam a “war” — The law of the United States

War and neutrality — War in general — Definition and technical meaning of war — Conflict in Vietnam — Whether a war for the purposes of jurisdiction of court martial over civilian — The law of the United States