Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Judgment of European Court of Human Rights — Whether providing ground for reassessment of conviction — Estonian Code of Criminal Procedure — Reopening of municipal proceedings — Estonian Constitution 1992 — Role of treaties in municipal legal order — Whether treaties having priority over municipal law in case of conflict — Duty to guarantee rights under European Convention — Amendment of municipal procedural law — Review of Estonian court cases — Whether reopening of municipal proceedings justified — Whether other effective means of remedy

Human rights — No punishment without law — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 7(1) — Reopening of municipal proceedings — The law of Estonia

International criminal law — Treaties — United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984 (“UNCAT”) — UNCAT implemented in United Kingdom — Criminal Justice Act 1988 — Torture — Torture under UNCAT versus torture under international humanitarian law

Treaties — Interpretation — UNCAT — Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties, 1969, Articles 31 and 32 — Travaux préparatoires — Object and purpose of UNCAT — Subsequent practice — United Nations Committee against Torture — Scope of application of Article 1 of UNCAT — Scope of application of Section 134 of Criminal Justice Act 1988 — Correct interpretation of words “person acting in an official capacity”

State responsibility — Acts attributable to a State — State recognition — De jure versus de facto government — Governmental functions versus military activity — The law of the United Kingdom

State immunity — Head of State immunity — Waiver of immunity — Wardship proceedings involving children of ruler of sovereign State — Ruler of sovereign State seeking orders for return of children — Ruler of sovereign State offering assurances of future conduct — Ruler waiving immunity in respect of enforcement of any orders to be made in proceedings — Whether waiver effective — Consequences of waiving personal immunity before State courts — Immunity of State property

Diplomatic relations — Diplomatic assurances — Weight of diplomatic assurances in domestic courts — Wardship proceedings involving children of ruler of sovereign State — Ruler of sovereign State seeking orders for return of children — Ruler of sovereign State offering assurances of future conduct — Whether assurances providing protection for children from risk of abduction — Whether enforceable in event of breach of any order made — Withdrawal of assurances — Consequences of withdrawal — The law of England