States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Expropriation — Scope of expropriation — Opinion of law officer of foreign State concerning scope — Whether conclusive — Whether opinion an act of State — Commercial activities — Government engaging in commercial activities with expropriated property — Whether depriving expropriation of its commercial character — Inaction by government agency — Whether capable of constituting an act of State — The law of the United States

International law in general — International comity — Antitrust proceedings — Extraterritorial jurisdiction — Need to balance interests of United States and those of other countries — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Extraterritorial jurisdiction — Antitrust laws — When applicable to acts performed outside United States — Effects doctrine — Whether effects upon United States commerce sole consideration in determining jurisdiction — Need to balance interests of United States and those of other nations — Comity — Judicial restraint — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Nature of act of State — Court order — Whether order of court made at request of private party an act of State — Defendants allegedly conspiring to obtain court order — Government and officials of foreign State not object of criticism in action — Antitrust action — Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial jurisdiction — Effects doctrine — Whether effects upon United States commerce sole consideration in determining jurisdiction — Judicial restraint — Need to balance interests of United States and those of other nations — Comity — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Nature and scope — Whether precluding inquiry into motives for act of foreign government — Validity of act not directly impugned — Whether allegation about motives distinguishable from question of validity — Distinction between governmental and commercial acts — Nationalization — Antitrust action — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Application to administrative agency established under local law — City of New York Commission on Human Rights — Whether Commission entitled to find that advertisement for employment in South Africa expressed racial discrimination — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Commercial activity exception to act of State doctrine — Action for interference with exclusive distributorship rights — Denial of import licences by Government of Brazil — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Calvo clause — Forum non conveniens — Action by holder of royalty in oil concession against concessionaire — Nationalization of concession by Venezuelan Government — Concession subject to Calvo clause — Whether clause also applicable to royalty agreement — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Application to dismiss action for damages — Nationalization of oil concessions — Whether holder of a royalty interest entitled to a share of indemnification — Whether United States courts entitled to interpret Venezuelan legislation to determine validity of acts done by Venezuelan Government — Act of State doctrine — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State — Burden of proof-Basis of doctrine — Corporate conduct compelled by foreign sovereign — Application of doctrine to acts outside the territory of the foreign State — The law of the United States

International law in general — Nature and binding force — Dispute concerning sovereignty over island and surrounding waters — Whether governed by law — Whether States subject to law in their external relations — Whether any manageable judicial standards exist for determination of such a dispute — The law of the United States

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Capacity of municipal courts to determine question of international law — Act of State doctrine — Political question — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Political question — Jurisdiction of the courts — Case involving boundary dispute between foreign States — Executive indication that judicial determination would prejudice conduct of foreign relations — Judicial restraint — The law of the United States

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Whether any rule of international law governs seaward extent of territorial waters — The law of the United States

State territory — Parts of — Continental shelf — Dispute over ownership of continental shelf — Whether governed by judicially manageable standards of international Law — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Political question doctrine — Constitutional separation of powers — Reservation of political questions for the Executive — Boundary dispute between foreign States — State Department indication that judicial determination would be prejudicial to United States interests — Judicial restraint — Absence of manageable standards for court to apply — The law of the United States

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For revocation of, or interference with, concessions or concessionary contracts — Nature of rights under oil concession — Whether contractual or proprietary — Title to oil prior to extraction — Governing law — Whether nationalization of concession is an expropriation of oil yet to be extracted — Act of State doctrine — Hickenlooper Amendment — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Nationalization of oil concession — Whether an act of State — Hickenlooper Amendment — Scope and conditions of application — Requirement that plaintiff assert a claim of title or a property right — Rights under oil concession — Whether contractual or proprietary — Governing law — Concession containing choice of law provision referring to more than one legal system — Whether choice of law clause determines nature of concession rights or merely enforcement — Nature of concession — Whether nationalization a violation of concession — Exceptions to the act of State doctrine — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Application to dismiss antitrust action — Whether Court precluded from a determination of the effect of alleged unlawful activities on the decisions of a foreign Government — Act of State doctrine — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Extinction of States — Republic of Vietnam — Victory of North Vietnamese forces — Merger with North Vietnam in new State — Effect upon treaties between Republic of Vietnam and the United States — The law of the United States

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Definition of taking — Blocking of assets under Trading with the Enemy Act — Whether a confiscation of property — The law of the United States

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Plea of non — discrimination — Equal protection of the laws — Blocking of assets under Trading with the Enemy Act — Licences to deal in assets granted more readily to United States nationals — Whether unfair discrimination — The law of the United States

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — Trading with the enemy — Blocking of assets under Trading with the Enemy Act — Vietnam — Assets of Vietnamese nationals blocked from date of communist victory — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Territorial limitation upon — Whether giving rise to cause of action — Expropriation — Assets located in United States — Vietnam — Assets of Vietnamese nationals blocked under Trading with the Enemy Act — Assets of Vietnamese bank — Whether bank ceasing to exist before date on which blocking took effect — Extinction of States — Republic of Vietnam — Republic ceasing to exist upon North Vietnamese victory — Effect upon treaties between Republic of Vietnam and United States — The law of the United States

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For revocation of, or interference with, concessions or concessionary contracts — Nature of rights under oil concession — Whether contractual or proprietary — Title to oil prior to extraction — Governing law — Whether nationalization of concession is an expropriation of oil yet to be extracted — Act of State doctrine — Hickenlooper Amendment — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Nationalization of oil concession — Whether Hickenlooper Amendment applicable — Requirement that plaintiff claim title or assert a property right — Rights under oil concession — Whether contractual or proprietary — Whether concession holder possessing title to oil yet to be extracted — Views of the State Department — The law of the United States

International law in general — International comity — Antitrust proceedings — Extraterritorial jurisdiction — Duty of court to take account of comity in deciding whether to assert jurisdiction — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial and personal — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Antitrust proceedings — Extraterritorial jurisdiction — Effects doctrine — International comity — Duty of court to balance United States and foreign interests — Whether this balance determines existence of jurisdiction or propriety of asserting jurisdiction — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Whether precluding inquiry into motives of a foreign government — Initiation of judicial proceedings in a foreign State — Commercial activities of a foreign State — Repudiation of act by foreign State — Corruption of government officials — Jurisdiction — Territorial — Antitrust proceedings — Duty of court to balance United States and foreign interests — Comity — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Antitrust proceedings — Alleged violation of antitrust laws involving acts of a foreign government — Whether claim challenging validity of acts of foreign government — Whether participation of officials or ministers of foreign government automatically renders act of State doctrine applicable — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Action for violation of market sharing agreement — Alleged attempt to monopolise — Sale of military aircraft to foreign governments — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Territorial limitation — Confiscation of a debt — Location of debt — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Relation to doctrine of sovereign immunity — Scope and purpose of act of State doctrine — Exceptions — Hickenlooper Amendment — Executive statement that adjudication will not hinder conduct of foreign relations — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Sovereign immunity — Comparison — Act of state doctrine a principle of domestic law — Whether doctrine goes to jurisdiction — Rationale of doctrine — Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries — Whether setting oil prices an infringement of United States antitrust law — Whether an act of State — Commercial activity exception to act of State doctrine — The law of the United States

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Expropriation of foreign — owned banks by Republic of Cuba — Measure of compensation — Lack of clear international law standard — Effect of resolutions of United Nations General Assembly — Effect of compromise settlements — Appropriate compensation — Whether including 'going concern value' — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Expropriation of foreign owned property — Whether justiciable — counterclaims in respect of expropriation — Conditions of justiciability — Effect of Executive statement that act of State doctrine need not be applied — Damages issue — Whether justiciable — Lack of clear international law standard — Measure of compensation for expropriation — Appropriate compensation — Whether including ‘going concern value’ — Effect of resolution of United Nations General Assembly — Effect of compromise — Nationalization of foreign banks by Cuba — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Expropriations — Exceptions to act of State doctrine — Unjust enrichment — Commercial activity — Counterclaims — The law of the United States