War — Effects of outbreak of — Trading with the enemy — Powers of Custodian of Enemy Property — Whether Custodian has power to direct sale of enemy property and payment of proceeds to Custodian — The law of Australia.

War — Enforcement of the laws of war — Punishment of war crimes — Defence of reprisals — Defence of superior orders — Murder of foreign forced labourers — Defence that murder justifiable as reprisal for illegal acts of warfare by enemy States — Whether knowledge of illegality of order by superior relevant.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Potsdam Agreement of August 2, 1945 — Law No. 5 of Control Council for Germany — Interpretation of Transfer of German external assets in Hungary to special commission — Meaning of “German external assets” — Claim by German creditor to assets of Hungarian debtor in so far as situate in Germany — The law of Germany.

War — Termination of — Enactment of law by Occupying Power — Confiscation of external assets of citizens of occupied territory — German external assets in Hungary — Law No. 5 of Control Council for Germany — Law providing for compulsory transfer of German external assets to special commission — Meaning of “German external assets” — Claim by German creditor to assets of Hungarian debtor so far as situate in Germany — The law of Germany.

War — Termination of — Acquisition by State of ex-enemy property in pursuance of post-hostilities agreement — Agreement on Reparation from Germany, 1946 — Validity of acquisition — The law of Australia.

State territory — Loss of territorial sovereignty — By renunciation of title in treaty of peace — Scope of renunciation by Japan of title to Kurile Islands — Status of island of Kunashiri — Article 2 (c) of Treaty of Peace with Japan, 1951 — The law of Japan.

Effects of treaties of peace — In general — Renunciation of territorial sovereignty — Scope of renunciation by Japan of title to Kurile Islands — Status of Kunashiri — Article 2 (c) of Treaty of Peace with Japan, 1951 — The law of Japan.

Effects of treaties of peace — In general — Effect on territorial sovereignty — Position of Ryukyu Islands under Article 3 of Treaty of Peace with Japan, 1951 — The law of Japan.

Warfare on land — Appropriation, utilization and destruction of enemy property — Horses seized during combat operations as war booty — Nature of war booty under customary international law and Hague Regulations — Effect of Treaty of Peace between United States and Hungary, 1947, on claims by private persons for enemy property seized in war — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction-Territorial — Restrictions upon — Foreign armed forces — Forces occupying friendly allied territory in war — Authority of forces over civilian inhabitants — Applicability of customary international law — Whether occupying forces entitled to detain civilian inhabitants suspected of offences against security — Occupation of Belgium by British forces in 1944 — The law of Belgium.

Treaties — Conclusion of — Constitutional limitations — Regarding signature — Requirement that treaties be signed by “Ministers assembled in Council” — Validity of treaty signed by Foreign Minister alone — Treaties concluded by Belgium during Second World War — Constitution of Belgium, Articles 68, 79 and 82.

War — Belligerent occupation — Occupation of friendly allied territory — Authority of occupying forces over civilian inhabitants — Applicable law — Whether customary international law — Whether occupying forces entitled to detain civilian inhabitants suspected of offences against security — Occupation of Belgium by British forces in 1944 — Agreement on Civil Administration and Jurisdiction, 1944 — Agreement regarding Claims arising out of Incidents involving Members of British Forces, 1945 — The law of Belgium.

War — Occupation of enemy territory — Requisitions and contributions — Construction by German builder of military installation for United States Army in West Germany — Whether arrangements between builder and army constitute contract or requisition from occupied territory — Whether builder has action against the United States — The law of the United States of America.

Recognition — Of Governments — Retroactive effect of — Effect of recognition through conclusion of peace treaty — Commencement of state of war between two States from date of declaration of war by Government now recognized in peace treaty — State of war between France and Japan — Recognition by Japan of new French Government in Peace Treaty of 1951 — Effect of such recognition on declaration of war on Japan by French Government Commission under General de Gaulle in 1941.

War — In general — Commencement of war — Effect of declaration of war by Government — in — exile — Whether state of war existed between France and Japan in 1941 — Effect of Protocol between Vichy Government of France and Government of Japan concerning Joint Defence of Indo — China, 1941 — Effect of declaration of war on Japan by French Government Commission under General de Gaulle.

Warfare at sea — Prize law — Jurisdiction of prize courts — Nature and extent of — Review of decisions of prize courts of defeated belligerent under Peace Treaty — Review in conformity with international law — Peace Treaty with Japan, Article 15 (a).

Warfare at sea — Visit, search and capture — Of enemy merchantmen — Right of — Enemy character of vessel — Relevance of nationality of owner — Relevance of intention in changing registration of ship — Legality of capture of ship in dock by marine units — Ship partially dismantled — Whether capable of being object of capture at sea — Status of port of Saigon in 1941 — Whether neutral territory — Effect of Protocol between France and Japan concerning Joint Defence of Indo-China — Effect of declaration of war on Japan by French Government Commission under General de Gaulle — Application of Hague Convention on Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at Outbreak of Hostilities, 1907.

Subjects of international law — Extent to which individual has rights and duties in international law — Distinction between status of subject for creating norms of law and subject of rights in international law — Whether diplomatic protection is based on right of individual in international law.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Customary international law as part of municipal law — Position under Imperial Constitution of Japan — Position in law of United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Foreign States — Whether immunity extends to action based on acts contrary to international law — Whether individual can sue United States of America in Japanese court for damage arising out of atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki — The law of Japan.

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — In general — Legality of nuclear weapons — Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki — Legality of indiscriminate bombardment of undefended cities and areas — Relevance of distinction in Hague Convention between military and ·non — military objectives — Whether individual has international claim for damage caused by use of such weapons Claim against national State based on waiver of alleged international claim against belligerent State — Whether alleged claim included in waiver of claims by Japan in Peace Treaty, Article 19.

State responsibility — Claims — State control over private claims Absorption of individual's claim in State's claim — Capacity of State to waive individual's claim by treaty — Whether waiver extends to claim under international law as well as to claims under municipal law — Nature of right of diplomatic protection — Treaty of Peace with Japan, 1951, Article 19 (a) — The law of Japan.

Effects of treaties of peace — In general — Waiver of claims by defeated State — Whether waiver extends to claims of nationals under international law as well as to claims under municipal law — Treaty of Peace with Japan, 1951, Article 19 (a).

Air warfare — Legality of nuclear weapons — Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki — Distinction between defended and undefended cities and areas — Legality of indiscriminate bombardment of undefended city or area — Hague Regulations, Article 25 — Hague Convention on Bombardment by Naval Forces, Article 1 — Draft Hague Rules of Air Warfare, 1923 — Whether distinction between military and non — military objectives still valid — Dropping of atomic bomb equivalent to indiscriminate aerial bombardment — Legality of target — area bombardment — Whether atomic weapons are poisonous weapons — Whether they cause unnecessary injury — Waiver of claims in Article 19 of Treaty of Peace with Japan, 1951.