Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Whether implementing legislation required to incorporate treaty into municipal law — Whether treaty confers rights upon individuals — Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 — Compensation provisions — Whether giving rise to rights enforceable in Italian courts — Whether establishment of Conciliation Commission excludes jurisdiction of Italian courts

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law

War and armed conflict — Peace treaties — Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 — Whether conferring rights upon individuals enforceable in Italian courts — The law of Italy

Treaties — Interpretation — Bilingual treaties — Conflict between authentic texts — Interpretation compatible with both texts to prevail — Literal interpretation — Recourse to travaux préparatoires

State responsibility — For acts and omissions of State organs — Responsibility of receiving State for damage caused by visiting forces — NATO Status of Forces Agreement, 1951 — Application to naval collision in port — The law of Italy

States — Recognition — Effect of non-recognition — German Democratic Republic — Non-recognition by Italy — Whether non-recognition precludes giving effect to private law acts of unrecognized entity — Subsequent recognition by Italy of German Democratic Republic — Whether retrospective — Criterion of effectiveness — The law of Italy

International organizations — Immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Whether limited to acts performed iure imperii — Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration-Italy Headquarters Agreement, 1952 — Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies of the United Nations, 1947 — National of receiving State employed as secretary — Contract of employment — Claim for severance pay — Whether ICEM entitled to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts — Nature of employment relationship — Criteria for determining which employment relationships with international organizations covered by jurisdictional immunity — Whether any obligation for international organizations to provide machinery for settlement of employment disputes — The law of Italy

Aliens — Refugees — Expulsion — Recognition of refugee status in first receiving country — Subsequent entry into Italy — Issue of travel documents for emigration to United States — Holders of documents entitled to return to Italy within specified period — Holders returning to Italy after expiry of documents — Refusal of Italian authorities to extend residence permits — Whether holders refugees lawfully in a Contracting State — Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Articles 28 and 32 — Whether expulsion contrary to Convention — Expulsion to State in which no risk of persecution — The law of Italy

Jurisdiction — Personal — Crimes committed by nationals abroad — Whether acquittal in State of commission of offence precludes prosecution in State of nationality — Principle of ne bis in idem — Applicability — Whether recognized as a general rule of international law — European Convention on the International Validity of Criminal Judgments, 1970 — The law of Italy

Consular relations — Immunity — Attachment and execution — Honorary consul — Consulate situated in private residence of honorary consul — Whether immune from search, requisition or distraint — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 59 — Comparison with corresponding provisions relating to diplomatic and consular missions — The law of Italy

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Recognition and enforcement of foreign laws — Expropriation legislation allegedly contrary to public international law — Whether entitled to recognition in Italian courts — Public policy — Act of State doctrine — Whether Italian courts entitled to question compatibility of expropriation legislation with international law — “Pursuit actions” — Ownership of oil extracted from area of concession after expropriation of concession

Expropriation — Compensation — Lack of effective compensation — Whether rendering expropriation unlawful — Effect of unlawful expropriation — Whether a nullity — Whether ownership of expropriated property affected — Oil concession — Ownership of oil extracted from concession area after expropriation of concession — The law of Italy

Sea — High seas — Jurisdiction — Hot pursuit — Smuggling — Principle of freedom of the high seas — Derogations under customary international law — Protection of interests of coastal State — Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958, Articles 2 and 23 — Whether more restrictive than customary law right of hot pursuit — Foreign ship outside territorial waters — Suspected of working with smaller craft in smuggling — Arrest of smaller vessel within territorial waters — Whether permitting hot pursuit of larger ship on high seas

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Territorial waters — Hot pursuit — Smuggling — The law of Italy

Consular relations — Immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — National of receiving State employed by consul for secretarial and administrative duties — Contract of employment — Claim for allowances — Whether consul entitled to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 43 — Acts performed in the exercise of consular functions — Nature of employment relationship — The law of Italy

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Visiting forces — NATO Status of Forces Agreement, 1951 — National of receiving State employed as administrator by foreign armed forces — Whether employing State entitled to immunity in action under contract of employment — Whether 1951 Agreement or general rules of international law applicable

Treaties — Interpretation — Object and purpose — The law of Italy

International organizations — Immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Scope and extent — Principles on which immunity of organizations based — Comparison with State immunity — Whether immunity of organizations extends to acts iure gestionis — Contract of employment — Interpreter — Whether employment of interpreter sufficiently closely connected with decision-making process within organization to be covered by immunity — International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies — Paris Agreement establishing the Centre, 1962 — Reservation by Italy — European Convention on State Immunity, 1972 — Statement of rules of customary international law

Treaties — Reservations — Validity and effect of reservation — Reservation included in annex to agreement — Whether accepted by other parties — The law of Italy

Consular relations — Immunity — Honorary consuls — Parking offences — Whether automatic entitlement to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts in respect of such offences — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 43 — Requirement of close connection between parking of vehicle and performance of consular functions — The law of Italy

States — Foreign sovereign entities — Sovereign Order of Malta — Whether a subject of international law — Whether judgments of its courts are to be equated with judgments of the courts of foreign States with regard to rules of recognition and enforcement — The law of Italy

International organizations — Immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Contracts of employment — NATO — Headquarters Allied Forces Southern Europe — Nationals of receiving State employed as telephonists — Claim for higher remuneration — Whether Headquarters entitled to immunity — NATO Status of Forces Agreement, 1951 — Paris Agreement between Italy and the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, 1961

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in national law — Whether conferring rights upon individuals

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — The law of Italy

Recognition — Entities claiming sovereign status — Order of Santa Maria Gloriosa — Whether a subject of international law — Comparison with States and sovereign entities lacking territory — Comparison with Sovereign Order of Malta — Significance of attitudes of States and other entities having dealings with Order

States — Foreign sovereign entities — Order of Santa Maria Gloriosa — Whether possessing sovereign attributes — Whether a subject of international law

State immunity — Entitlement to — Order claiming sovereign status — The law of Italy

Territory — Sovereignty — Occupation of foreign territory in time of peace — Trieste — Military administration in two zones under terms of Peace Treaty with Italy, 1947 — London Memorandum, 1954, entitling Yugoslavia to extend its administration to Zone B — De facto exercise of sovereignty — Italian claims to Zone B — Whether Zone B to be regarded as Italian territory for purposes of social security law — Treaty of Osimo, 1975 — Retrospective recognition of Yugoslav sovereignty

War and armed conflict — Occupation — Peace treaties — The law of Italy

International organizations — Immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Employees — Action by trade union regarding trade union activities of employees — Whether organization required to permit trade union activities amongst employees — Whether local courts have jurisdiction — NATO — Headquarters Allied Forces Southern Europe — NATO Status of Forces Agreement, 1951 — Protocol on Status of International Military Headquarters, 1952 — Paris Agreement between Italy and Supreme Allied Commander Europe, 1961 — The law of Italy

Sea — Maritime boundaries — Delimitation — Principles of — Single maritime boundary — Arbitration tribunal asked to establish single boundary line for territorial waters, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf — Adjacent States — Equitable solution — Whether international law contains any rules regarding the means of achieving an equitable solution — Whether rules more than guidelines — Equidistance method — Use of parallel lines of delimitation — State practice — Significance of regional practice — Configuration of coastline — Significance of general direction of coastline — Notion of a maritime facade — Relevance of geological and geo-morphological considerations — Proportionality of coastline to maritime zones — Economic considerations — Relevance of the security interests of the parties

Sea — Islands — Significance of islands in determining boundary of territorial waters, economic zones and continental shelf between adjacent States — Convention concluded by colonial predecessors of parties to arbitration — Convention settling question of title to certain islands — Effect on maritime boundaries

State succession — Treaties — Convention concluded by colonial powers regarding title to islands — Effect upon successor States — Significance in relation to maritime boundaries

Arbitration — Compromis — Maritime boundary delimitation — Composition of tribunal