Foreign States — Respect for interests of foreign States — Dispute between private litigants involving interests of foreign States — Dispute between private litigants involved with territorial dispute between States — Whether properly justiciable in municipal court of third State — International comity — Judicial restraint — Discovery of documents — Request for disclosure of documents handed in confidence to private litigant by foreign sovereign — Whether in public interest to refuse disclosure — Sovereign immunity — Act of State doctrine — Law of the sea — Territorial waters — Extent — The law of England

Sovereign immunity — Public vessels — Restrictive theory of immunity — Whether part of English law — Distinction between acta iure imperii and acta iure gestionis — Whether depending upon nature or purpose of act — Whether decision to break commercial contract and convert goods in commercial context attracts immunity — Need to examine whole transaction in context — International law in general — Sources — Relevance of legislation and treaties — Relationship of international law and municipal law — The law of England

Foreign States — Respect for interests of foreign States — Dispute between private litigants involving interests of foreign States — Dispute between private litigants involved with territorial dispute between States — Whether properly justiciable in municipal court of third State — Act of State doctrine — Whether wider principle of judicial restraint exists — Sovereign immunity — Trucial States — Whether independent States while under the protection of the United Kingdom — Executive certificate — Law of the Sea — Territorial waters — Extent — The law of England

Sovereign immunity — Foreign State — Restrictive theory of immunity — Contract of employment — Employment on staff of diplomatic mission — Employment in clerical capacity — Employee a national of the employing State — State Immunity Act 1978 — Whether applicable to contract concluded before Act entered into force — Sovereign immunity at common law — Nature of contract — Whether employment at diplomatic mission commercial — Whether employee involved in public acts of State — Nature of breach of contract — Whether relevant under restrictive theory — International law and English law — Value of foreign decisions — European Convention on State Immunity, 1972 — Whether reliable evidence of customary international law — The law of England

Sovereign immunity — Immovable property — House leased by foreign State as residence for senior diplomatic agent — Action to enforce covenant in lease — Whether State immune from suit — State Immunity Act 1978, Sections 6(1) and 16(1)

Diplomatic immunity — Diplomatic agent and his wife — Exception to immunity in respect of ‘real action’ — Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — The law of England

Foreign sovereign — Act of foreign State — Principle of English law — Scope and extent — Whether applicable to commercial acts — Whether nature or purpose of act decisive — Whether defence of act of State capable of waiver — Act of State not applicable to acts of foreign State performed outside its territory — Relationship of English doctrine of act of State to United States doctrine — Relationship of act of State doctrine to sovereign immunity

Foreign legislation — Penal and discriminatory — Recognition by English courts — Public policy — Conduct of foreign relations — Role of the courts and the Executive

Contract — Sale of sugar — Seller a Cuban State enterprise — Separate character — Relations between Republic of Chile and Republic of Cuba — Effect of coup d’état in Chile — Effect of Cuban legislation requiring suspension of contract shipments — Frustration — Whether State enterprise entitled to rely upon State’s actions as frustrating events — The law of England

Sovereign immunity — Immovable property — House leased by foreign State as residence for senior diplomatic agent and his wife — Whether house used for purposes of diplomatic mission — Action to enforce covenants in lease — Whether State immune from suit — Whether action relating to State’s use or possession of immovable property — State Immunity Act 1978, Sections 6(1) and 16(1) — Diplomatic immunity — Nature of — The law of England

Sovereign immunity — Foreign State — Restrictive theory of sovereign immunity — Whether part of international law — Whether part of the law of India — Whether sovereign immunity to be accorded ob basis of reciprocity — Waiver of immunity — Provision of Indian law that action against the Ruler of a foreign State requires the consent of the Government of India — Whether extending to actions against foreign State itself — State succession — United Arab Republic as successor to Egypt — The law of India

Sovereign immunity — Foreign State-owned airline — Whether a department of foreign State — Whether immunity available if department a body corporate — Determination of the question whether airline a department of State — Waiver of immunity — Conduct amounting to waiver — Intervention to claim immunity — The law of India

Sovereign immunity — Ruler of foreign State — Whether Ruler’s income from private property immune from taxation under international law — Indian Princely States — Whether possessing international personality — Suzerainty of British Crown in India — Hyderabad — The law of India

Sovereign immunity — Foreign State — Ruler of foreign State — Provision in the law of India that action against the Ruler of a foreign State requires consent of the Indian Government — Relationship between this provision and doctrine of sovereign immunity — Whether requirement of prior consent extends to actions against foreign State itself — Restrictive theory of immunity — The law of India

Sovereign immunity — Foreign State — Absolute and restrictive theories of sovereign immunity — States as international persons — Recognition — German Democratic Republic — De Facto recognition by India — Whether German Democratic Republic entitled to sovereign immunity in India — International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Relationship between principles of international law concerning sovereign immunity and Sections 84–7 of the Indian Code of Civil Procedure — The law of India

Sovereign immunity — Ruler of foreign State — Whether Baler’s income from private property immune from taxation — Indian Princely States — Whether possessing international personality — Suzerainty of British Crown in India — Whether former Ruler of Faridkot immune from taxation in respect of private income in British India — The law of India

Sovereign immunity — Foreign State and agents of foreign State — Nature of sovereign immunity — Whether absolute or restrictive — Indian Code of Civil Procedure, Section 86 — The law of India

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and territories — Restrictive theory of sovereign immunity — Development of sovereign immunity — Development of restrictive theory in international law — Trust Territories — Marshall Islands — Whether a State — Whether Government of the Marshal Islands entitled to sovereign immunity — Sovereignty in Trust Territories — International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Whether doctrine of stare decisis relevant — The law of New Zealand

Sovereign immunity — Public ship — Action in rem — Ship engaged on governmental service — Salvage claim in respect of cargo carried on ship — Cargo carried without charge under inter-governmental agreement — Immunity of ship and cargo from jurisdiction — The law of New Zealand

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and territories — Restrictive theory of sovereign immunity — Trust Territories — Marshall Islands — Whether a State — Whether Government of the Marshall Islands entitled to sovereign immunity — Sovereignty in Trust Territories — The law of New Zealand

Sovereign immunity — Foreign State — Restrictive theory of immunity — Contract for building embassy premises — Arbitration clause — Whether arbitration clause defeated by sovereign immunity — Pakistan Civil Procedure Code, Section 86 — Whether applicable to actions against foreign States or merely foreign rulers — International law in general — Relationship of international law and municipal law — The law of Pakistan

Sovereign immunity — Diplomatic immunity — Foreign State and its Trade Representation — Restrictive theory of immunity — Contract with U.S.S.R. and its Trade Representation — Action to recover outstanding commission on contract and damages for alleged breach of contract — Whether action defeated by claim of sovereign immunity — Pakistan Civil Procedure Code, Section 86 — Whether applicable to actions against foreign States — International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Effect of trade agreement between Pakistan and the U.S.S.R. — Effect of Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, and diplomatic certificate issued by Government of Pakistan — Whether the agreement, the Convention or the diplomatic certificate confers immunity from jurisdiction in a commercial and trade transaction — The law of Pakistan

Sovereign immunity — Foreign State — Acts of alien armed forces — Extent of immunity — Preliminary injunction restraining acts of commander of alien military base — Writ of certiorari — Whether acts of commander imputed to government he represents — Military Bases Agreement — Effect of treaty provisions — The law of the Philippines