State immunity — Trust territories — Whether immune from jurisdiction of courts of administering authority — Whether possessing sovereignty — Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Qualified sovereignty — Effect of enactments by United States Congress — Action for refund of taxes paid to trust territory — Whether United States federal courts have jurisdiction — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — Executive — Court order — Injunction granted by United States District Court — Whether court in Palau required to honour injunction — Admiralty action — Limitation proceedings

States — Trust territory — Micronesia — Palau — Whether independent of the United States — Whether Palauan court a foreign court for purposes of United States law — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — Trust territories — Scope of appellate jurisdiction of courts of administering authority — Self-governing Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands — Capacity of United States Court of Appeals to exercise jurisdiction over appeal from Appellate Division of District Court of the trust territory

States — Trust territory — Nature of relationship between trust territory and administering authority — Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands — Application of United States Constitution to trust territory — Dependent upon nature of relationship betwen administering authority and trust territory — Self-governing commonwealth — Whether Constitution of Northern Mariana Islands and local criminal legislation violates United States Constitution — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — Executive — Arrest of United States national in Marshall Islands — Interrogation — Whether subject to safeguards derived from United States Constitution — Confession — Whether admissible in United States courts — Whether arresting officer an agent of United States or Marshall Islands

States — Trust territory — Marshall Islands — Free association with the United States — Whether subject to United States sovereignty — Whether a foreign country for purposes of United States law — The law of the United States

Recognition — Governments — Access by governments to foreign municipal courts — Whether formal recognition of governments necessary — State practice — Distinction between recognition of governments and States — Revolutionary Government in Iran — Whether permitted to bring suit in United States federal courts — Significance of needs of Executive in conduct of foreign relations — The law of the United States

States — Definition of State — Attributes of statehood — Sovereignty over territory — Authority over nationals — Independence — Capacity to join with other States to make international law — Trust territory — Whether possessing attributes of statehood — Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands — Republic of Palau — Location of sovereignty in Palau — Compact of Free Association with the United States — Whether Palau enjoying de facto statehood — Failure to ratify Compact — Continuation of trusteeship — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether Palau a foreign State for purposes of Act

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Commercial activity exception — Loan agreement for construction of power station — Whether commercial — Default on government debt — Whether a commercial act — Waiver — Authority to waive immunity — Republic of Palau — Whether President of Palau authorized to waive immunity — Act of United States High Commissioner on Palau suspending statutory provision for waiver of immunity — Effect on authority of President of Palau — Significance of other dealings between Government of Palau, United States Government, United Kingdom Government and lending institutions — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976

International organizations — United Nations — Trusteeship system — Nature of trusteeship — Strategic trust territory — Sovereignty over trust territory — Constitutional changes in territory — Termination of trusteeship — Requirement of Security Council approval — Whether trusteeship may be terminated de facto without Security Council approval — Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands — Palau

Territory — Trust territories — Sovereignty over trust territories — Whether vested in administering authority — Constitutional changes in trust territory — Whether trust territory can become de facto State — Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands — Palau

Economics, trade and finance — State loans — Agreement between government of trust territory and commercial banks guaranteeing loan — Loan to be used for construction of power station — Whether commercial agreement — Authority to conclude — Whether sovereign immunity applicable — Involvement of United Kingdom Export Credit Guarantee Department — Whether making transaction inter-governmental

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Trust territory — Conduct of foreign relations by administering authority — Effect on statehood — Application of international law criteria of statehood by municipal court — The law of the United States

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Justiciability of foreign relations questions — Military action and military aid to foreign government — Whether raising justiciable questions — United States Constitution — War power — War Powers Resolution — United States action in El Salvador

War and armed conflict — Power to declare war and to use force — United States Constitution — Relationship between powers of Congress and powers of the Executive — The law of the United States

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State and justiciability United States political question doctrine — War Powers Resolution — Duty of President to report to Congress when United States forces become involved in hostilities or situations in which hostilities are imminent — Iran-Iraq war — Deployment of United States naval units to escort tankers in Persian Gulf — Whether War Powers Resolution applicable — Whether court should determine whether United States forces engaged or about to become engaged in hostilities

War and armed conflict — Naval warfare — Neutrality — Iran-Iraq war — United States declaration of neutrality — Re-registration of Kuwaiti tankers under United States flag — United States naval forces engaged in escort duties — Attack by United States forces on Iranian minelayer — Whether sufficient to bring War Powers Resolution into operation — Whether judicial determination that United States engaged, or about to become engaged, in hostilities likely to prejudice United States neutrality — The law of the United States

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State and justiciability — United States act of State doctrine — United States bombardment of Libya — Use of bases in the United Kingdom — Whether action of United Kingdom in allowing use of bases an act of State — Whether action against United Kingdom and other defendants an abuse of the procedure of the court

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Basis for jurisdiction over foreign States — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether exclusive basis for jurisdiction — Alien Tort Claims Act — Whether use of force in alleged contravention of international law within any of the exceptions to immunity under the Act — Whether any relevant international agreements in conflict with grant of immunity

War and armed conflict — Self-defence — Reaction to terrorist attacks — Aerial bombardment — United States bombardment of Libya — Whether an illicit act of war — Whether justiciable — The law of the United States

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Power to declare war — United States Constitution granting Congress the power to declare war — Deployment of United States forces following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait — Whether President entitled to order military operations against Iraq without prior congressional declaration of war — Whether justiciable question — Political question doctrine

International organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Powers under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations — Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait

War and armed conflict — War — Definition — Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait — Threat of military action by the United States — Whether military operations by United States forces against Iraq would constitute war — United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 (1990) — The law of the United States

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Power to declare war — United States Constitution granting Congress the power to declare war — War Powers Resolution — Deployment of United States forces following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait — Whether President entitled to order military operations against Iraq without prior congressional declaration of war — Whether justiciable question — Political question doctrine

International organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Powers under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations — Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait

War and armed conflict — War — Definition — Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait — Threat of military action by the United States — Whether military operations by United States forces against Iraq would constitute war — United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 (1990) — The law of the United States