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Grasses are simplified plants and the leaf is one of the few organs that provides taxonomic characters. Leaf anatomy and epidermis (and associated structures) have been used as characters in taxonomy of Poaceae since the 1930s. Such characters became well-established and accepted in the 1960s with Metcalfe's investigations. However, recent research casts doubts on the consistency and reliability of such characters [e.g. 3]. Grasses are highly adaptable plants due to their marked phenotypic plasticity. In order to assess the reliability of leaf characters, species that occur in very contrasting habitats constitute the ideal case study. Corynephorus canescens (L.) P. Beauv. and Antinoria agrostidea (DC.) Parl. were selected; the former occurs from coastal sandy dunes to high altitude, the latter survives submerged and in ponds that dry-out during summer.
The concept of palynological compass was introduced in 1969 by Erdtman to express the way palynological evidence points to systematic relationships. Recent evidence shows that, in the cases studied, the palynological compass points to the same phylogenetic direction as the molecular data.
Although the best results in bone grafting have been achieved with autogeneuos bone tissue, allografts and xenografts have been widely used either in mineralized, demineralized, or calcined forms. Demineralized bone has been proven to stimulate new bone formation by exposing, proteins and growth factors necessary for osteoinduction. On the other hand, calcined bone offers a natural architectural mineralized matrix, not present in synthetic apatite materials, as well as an excellent source of calcium. Despite the extensive use and importance of these materials, systematic works regarding their characterization are relatively scarce.
