Sudden cardiac death is an uncommon but yet catastrophic event, which can occur in neonates and young children. Although extensive research has been carried out assessing the underlying causes, there still remains a degree of uncertainty around this area. Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one known cause of sudden cardiac death in children, the aetiology of which embraces virally induced mechanisms, genetic susceptibility, drug-induced, and maternal factors. Screening tools and investigations including electrocardiograms and echocardiograms alongside a concise history taking and physical examination can be used to identify the potential cardiovascular risk factors of sudden death. This review has comprehensively studied the causes and risk factors for sudden cardiac death in children with CHD and provides a collation and summary of the evidence available so far underpinning the complex link between the two. Moreover, current screening and prevention methods are discussed in detail in order to increase awareness and understanding of how we can improve patient outcomes.

As digital technologies and algorithmic rationalities have increasingly reconfigured security practices, critical scholars have drawn attention to their performative effects on the temporality of law, notions of rights, and understandings of subjectivity. This article proposes to explore how the ‘other’ is made knowable in massive amounts of data and how the boundary between self and other is drawn algorithmically. It argues that algorithmic security practices and Big Data technologies have transformed self/other relations. Rather than the enemy or the risky abnormal, the ‘other’ is algorithmically produced as anomaly. Although anomaly has often been used interchangeably with abnormality and pathology, a brief genealogical reading of the concept shows that it works as a supplementary term, which reconfigures the dichotomies of normality/abnormality, friend/enemy, and identity/difference. By engaging with key practices of anomaly detection by intelligence and security agencies, the article analyses the materialisation of anomalies as specific spatial ‘dots’, temporal ‘spikes’, and topological ‘nodes’. We argue that anomaly is not simply indicative of more heterogeneous modes of othering in times of Big Data, but represents a mutation in the logics of security that challenge our extant analytical and critical vocabularies.

We present two cases of an unusual coronary artery anomaly, namely, a single coronary artery with retro-aortic course of the left circumflex artery and pre-pulmonic course of the left anterior descending artery, and one of which showed a dual left anterior descending artery as well – a combination that has not yet been reported in the literature.

An adult male specimen of Uca rapax (Crustacea, Decapoda, Ocypodidae), containing bilaterally hypertrophied chelipeds, was found in the mangrove area of the Rio Grande do Norte state, north-eastern Brazil. The chelipeds are subequal in size and similar to the major cheliped of normal male specimens of Uca rapax. This paper is the first record of the aforementioned anomaly for the species from the Brazilian coastline.

Exceptional cases are at odds with the typical: they stand out as bizarre and rare. What then could justify their systematic analysis? Elaborating the analytical distinction between anomalies, exceptions and outliers, this paper outlines three potential epistemic contributions of exceptional cases. First, exceptional cases reveal the limits of standard classification categories. In so doing, they problematize usual classificatory grids. Their input is critical. Second, exceptional cases point to new classes of objects. They acquire paradigmatic status when they exemplify the characteristic features of these new classes with utmost clarity. Third, exceptional cases magnify relational patterns that in more mundane contexts lack visibility. Here their contribution is heuristic. These three contributions become possible when we put at bay normative expectations of what should happen, and specify cases by reference to an analytical space of constitutive dimensions. To underscore the general significance of these observations, I draw on examples borrowed from different quarters of the social sciences: the sociology of organizations, ethnomethodology, comparative historical sociology and the history of science.

This study presents the second worldwide report on abnormal embryos of the sharpnose sharks, Rhizoprionodon, based on the two species (Rhizoprionodon porosus and Rhizoprionodon lalandii) occurring on the Brazilian coast. For R. porosus two conjoined twin embryos showing complete duplication of the vertebral column, viscera and several external structures (head, first and second dorsal fins, pectoral fins), and scoliosis in both axis at the pelvic fin level are reported. The three embryos of R. lalandii exhibited numerous lordosis and kyphosis along the entire vertebral column. The possible relationship between anomalies and the human major threats to sharks is discussed based on previous reproductive, genetic and ecotoxicological studies on R. lalandii for southern Brazil.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and gender distribution of variations in the aortic arch branching pattern using 64-slice computed tomograhic angiography. Materials and methods: A total of 1000 patients with a normal left-sided aortic arch who underwent computed tomographic angiography for various reasons were analysed retrospectively for the frequency of variation of aortic arch branching; the variations were categorised into seven types. Results: Of the 1000 patients, 79.2% had a normal aortic arch branching pattern – type 1 – and 20.8% had variations. The frequency of type 2 variation – brachiocephalic and left common carotid arteries arising from the aortic arch in a common trunk – was 14.1%, that of type 3 – left vertebral artery originating from the aortic arch – was 4.1%, that of type 4 – coexistence of type 2 and type 3 – was 1.2%, that of type 5 – aberrant right subclavian artery – was 0.6%, that of type 6 – coexistence of aberrant right subclavian artery and bicarotid trunk – was 0.7%, and that for type 7 – thyroidea ima artery arising from the aortic arch – was 0.1%. The incidences of the variations of aortic arch branching were similar among males and females (20% versus 22.1%). The incidence of an aberrant right subclavian artery – type 5 and type 6 – was higher among females compared with males (2.5% versus 0.5), whereas the frequencies of the other variations were either equal or similar in both genders. Conclusion: Recognition of variations of aortic arch branching is important because they may cause symptoms due to tracheoesophageal compression or complications during surgical or endovascular interventional procedures of the aorta and its branches.

For some companies, visual inspection has become an essential step when seeking to improve the quality of their products. The aim of this control is to be sure of the perceived quality of the product, which often goes well beyond the quality expected by the customer. For this type of control, the controller should be able to detect any anomaly on a product, characterize this anomaly, and then evaluate it in order to decide if the product should be accepted or rejected. This paper describes how this characterization can be carried out and, more specifically, how to measure the impact of the local environment of an anomaly on the perceived quality of the product.

Persistent fifth – double-lumen – aortic arch is a rarely seen entity, which is usually associated with other cardiac anomalies; it has been previously reported only in children. We report a new case of double-lumen aortic arch with a systemic-to-systemic connection diagnosed incidentally during cardiac multi-detector computer tomography evaluation of coronary artery bypass grafts in an adult.

Although there has been over a century of formal empirical inquiry, parapsychologists have clearly failed to produce a single reliable demonstration of “paranormal,” or “psi,” phenomena. Although many parapsychological research projects have been carried out under what have been described as well-controlled conditions, this does not by itself make a science, for unless and until it can be demonstrated that paranormal phenomena really exist, there is no subject matter around which a science can develop. Indeed, parapsychologists have not even succeeded in developing a reasonable definition of paranormal phenomena that does not involve, or imply, some aspect of mind-body dualism. Moreover, parapsychology has developed several principles (such as the experimenter effect) which can be used to explain away failures, and the use of these principles contributes to making the psi-hypothesis unfalsifiable.

The “anything goes” attitude in parapsychology, which seems to lend credence to virtually any “paranormal” claim, serves to weaken the credibility of parapsychological endeavors in the eyes of critics. This general willingness to suspend doubt is another indication that parapsychology is more than the quest to explain anomalous experiences, as is claimed. It is argued in this paper that parapsychological inquiry reflects the attempt to establish the reality of a nonmaterial aspect of human existence, rather than a search for explanations for anomalous phenomena.

We studied the morphology of the aortic valves of 1,036 Syrian hamsters belonging to two families subjected to high endogamous pressure. Most (n=955) specimens were examined using a corrosion-cast technique. In the remaining 81 specimens, valvar morphology was assessed by means of a stereomicroscope, and in 18 of these cases a histologic study was also performed. In one of the families, a high proportion (30.5%) of hamsters had aortic valves with two leaflets, the aortic sinuses being oriented ventrodorsally. The percentage of such anomalous valves was found to be positively correlated with the inbreeding coefficient of specimens. In the other family, the occurrence of an aortic valve with two leaflets was a sporadic event. Stereoscopic and histologic observations demonstrated that, in 52 of 63 aortic valves with three leaflets, the ventral commissure between the right and left leaflets was partially fused, while in 10 other cases this commissure was completely fused. In addition, in nine of 18 aortic valves with two leaflets, there was a more or less well-developed raphe located in the ventral aortic sinus, approximately where the true ventral commissure would have been. Our observations suggest the existence of a continuous spectrum of aortic valvar morphology, ranging from a valve with three leaflets and no fusion of the ventral commissure to an aortic valve with two leaflets devoid of any raphe. This spectrum seems to be the result of the interaction of genetic and intrauterine environmental factors. Results of crosses between both related and unrelated hamsters suggest that the observed morphology in individuals is the result of quantitative inheritance.

A case of Coffin-Lowry syndrome is described. The child had the typical face and also soft and puffy hands with tapering fingers. His psychomotor development was retarded. Audiological tests revealed profound hearing impairment. Anomalous labyrinths were shown by CT scan of the temporal bones. It is inferred that deafness is one of the symptoms of this syndrome.