Recent research is demonstrating that other women and children, besides those in senior officers’ families, lived inside Roman military bases during the Principate; however, such women are rarely discussed in written sources. Also, the archaeological remains of military bases essentially lack the types of evidence for sexed bodies and gendered practices that can be found in burial contexts and figurative representations. This chapter discusses how more material-cultural approaches to artifactual remains from such sites can be used to investigate gendered identities and lived socio-spatial practices, and to develop better understanding of the place of such women in these hypermasculine spaces. This chapter is concerned with developing approaches to the artifactual remains from these sites, and the potential range of people and activities they represent, to investigate the presence of women within the fortification walls of these bases, and the roles that they may have played here. It demonstrates how an integrated approach to “gendering” artifacts can be used to explore the probabilities, rather than the certainties, of artifacts as gender attributes and how analyses of artifact distribution patterns can be used to identify women who often are not identified through other media, and so seeks solutions to identifying gendered behaviors.

Artifacts are EEG waveforms not generated by the brain. The main purpose of recognizing artifacts is to avoid mistaking them from seizures. They may originate from other body organs (internal) or environmental sources (external). Common internal artifacts include ocular (eye movement), glossokinetic (tongue movement), cardiac (ECG), myogenic (muscle activity), or sweat-sway artifact (skin). Common sources of external artifact include electrodes, ventilators, suction devices, bed percussion, chest compression, and various medical devices. Many commonly used medications are associated with EEG changes. These include excessive alpha and beta activity (e.g., barbiturates and benzodiazepines), theta and delta slowing (antiseizure and psychotropic medications), spike and sharp waves (clozapine), and rhythmic and/or periodic patterns (cefepime). EEG patterns of common intravenous and inhalational anesthetic agents are also described in this chapter.

This chapter focuses on quantitative EEG processing, also known as EEG trend analysis. These types of algorithms process raw EEG data in a quantitative way, and display the data in more compressed forms that may be easier for the amateur EEG reader to interpret. Specific QEEG algorithms described in this chapter include amplitude integrated EEG, FFT spectrogram, rhythmicity spectrogram, asymmetry indices, and seizure detectors. Specific roles for QEEG covered include seizure detection and detection of focal cerebral ischemia.

In the first two books of his massive commentary on Aristotle’s Physics (in the third and final redaction), Buridan pays ample attention to the composition of natural substances. Natural substances are composed of matter and (substantial) form. But what exactly does Buridan mean by the notions of “matter” and “(substantial) form”? Does matter possess some kind of being of its own? Is it pure potency? Does matter somehow possess a disposition (or “appetite”) to receive substantial forms, and what precisely are such forms? Buridan also offers a detailed account of the relation between natural substances and artificial things. How do artificial things (such as houses, tables, and axes) relate to the natural substances of which they are (somehow) made? What kind of change is involved in making an artifact and what kind of form makes an artifact the thing it is?

Ultrasound imaging (US) is susceptible to several types of artifacts. Most artifacts appear because of transducer limitations and simplified assumptions on the wave propagation. The artifacts are sometimes used as a component that contains tissue information; however, they often lead to a misinterpretation in the clinical diagnosis. Therefore, to improve the clinical utility of ultrasound in difficult-to-image patients and settings, a number of artifact removal methods have been proposed that aim at boosting image quality. Classical optimization-based methods have severe limitations due to their limited performance and high computation requirements. Furthermore, it is difficult to obtain parameters for producing high-quality output. A quick remedy for the aforementioned issues is the deep learning approach, which offers high performance compared with the traditional methods despite the significantly reduced runtime complexity. Another big advantage is that the same parameters as those learned during the training phase can be used to process different input images. This has motivated the scientific community to design deep-neural-network-based approaches for US artifact removal tasks.

The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate that Theophrastus, in De ventis 56, employs material principles to explain certain features of both living beings and inanimate things, and that the unknown author of Problemata physica 1.24, having been influenced by Theophrastus, uses these same principles but in a different way, treating the parts of certain artifacts as models of, or analogous to, parts of the human body. Special attention is given to both Theophrastus’ discussion of Notos, the south wind, and to De ventis 56–58, in which he deals explicitly with the effects of winds on the human condition. (A revised version of Mayhew’s edition of the text of De ventis 56, with a detailed apparatus criticus, is included in an appendix.)

This chapter reviews research showing that much learning involves physical movement and gesture – thinking and learning are embodied in the physical world and involve interactions with physical objects. Even abstract subjects such as math are better learned when the body is enlisted in the learning activity. Students often have trouble with STEM content because of pedagogy that removes the body from the learning experience. In fact, in many cases expert knowledge itself is embodied, more than is generally realized, and deeper learning requires embodied design. Embodied learning leads to deeper knowledge because the learner has to coordinate two cognitive and motor knowledge; manipulating symbolic notation is often quite similar to moving objects in space. The chapter discusses how to overcome challenges in designing activities, materials, and scaffolding.

This chapter considers how the Routine Dynamics debate around technology, artifacts and materiality has evolved over the course of the past two decades. In reviewing the progress achieved so far, I show how the field is gearing up to address the important challenges posed, among other things, by new forms of artifacts and technology, and new ways of organizing. In so doing, I discuss how the latest advances in routines and materiality (artifacts at the centre, performativity and multiplicity/fluid ontology) can help us address the theoretical, methodological and empirical challenges raised by contemporary material phenomena. I conclude by laying out an agenda for future studies of routines, technology, artifacts and materiality.

In this chapter we set out to analyse the rich and diverse stream which makes up the topic of routines as truces. This involves addressing not only those contributions which directly deal with the construct of truces and their dynamics, but also those for which truces might not be the central focus but which have contributed to our understanding of truce dynamics through the lens of related concepts. These topics include the influence of conflicting interests, goals and motivations; the emergence and resolution of tensions and struggles between and across organizational communities and culture(s); and the role of artifacts and materiality in addressing organizational conflict.

Organizations increasingly rely upon algorithms to change their routines—with positive, negative, or messy outcomes. In this chapter, we argue that conceptualizing algorithms as an integral part of an assemblage provides scholars with the ability to generate novel theories about how algorithms influence routine dynamics. First, we review existing research that shows how algorithms operate as an actant making decisions; encode the intentions of designers; are entangled in broader assemblages of theories, artifacts, actors, and practices; and generate performative effects. Second, we elucidate five analytical approaches that can help management scholars to identify new connections between routine assemblages, their elements, and organizational outcomes. Finally, we outline directions for future research to explore how studying algorithms can advance our understanding of routine dynamics and how a routine dynamics perspective can contribute to the understanding of algorithms in strategy and organizational theory more broadly .

It is clear from his extensive biological writings that Aristotle was deeply interested in life, including a vast range of living things, their parts, lifestyles, life processes, and environments. How are life and living beings, extensively described and explained in the biological writings, reflected in Aristotle’s ontology, his understanding of being? My question is prompted in part by the fact that some of Aristotle’s most important metaphysical concepts apply equally to living beings (animals) and to non-living beings (artifacts). In this chapter I develop an account of the theoretical significance of life and living beings that focuses on Aristotle’s distinction between two ways of being developed in Metaphysics Book 9 – being potentially and being actively.

Lung ultrasound is a point-of-care test particularly well suited to diagnose pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, and consolidation. In the operating room setting imaging can establish a baseline for comparison to maximize confidence in later examinations displaying new pathology. In conjunction with cardiac and IVC ultrasound, the etiology of hypotension can be ascertained as hypovolemic, distributive, and cardiac. In addition, even more basic assessment regarding volume status and fluid responsiveness is improved. Ultrasound can be used to guide, confirm, and localize tracheal tube placement. In the postoperative setting pulmonary ultrasound can facilitate clinical decisions regarding weaning patients from mechanical ventilation and the need for ICU admission.

Explanations for the successes or failures of militaries in both war and peace have traditionally focused on key factors such as technology, leadership, personnel, training, or a combination of all of these. A more recent addition to the list of possible variables contributing to military effectiveness is the concept of organizational culture – the pattern of shared assumptions that an organization learns as it solves problems, that has worked well enough to be considered valid, and that is therefore taught to new members as the correct way to approach those problems. This chapter combines the organizational culture concepts of Edgar Schein with the nine cultural dimensions of the GLOBE research program. The resulting model provides a useful framework to analyze a military’s organizational culture. Perhaps more importantly, the model also provides prescriptive actions leaders can take to align a military’s organizational culture with its mission and environment.