The TYPHOON program is producing an atlas of spectroscopic data cubes of 44 large-angular-sized galaxies with complete spatial coverage from 3650–9000 Å. This survey provides an unparalleled opportunity to study variations in the interstellar medium (ISM) properties within individual H ii regions across the entire star-forming disks of nearby galaxies. This can provide key insights into the spatial distribution and resolved properties of the ISM to understand how efficiently metals are mixed and redistributed across spirals and dwarf galaxies. In this Proceeding, we present early science results from six nearby spiral galaxies as part of the TYPHOON program from Grasha et al. (2022). We use HIIPhot to identify the H ii regions within the galaxy based on the surface brightness of the Hα emisison line and measure variations of the H ii region oxygen abundance. In this initial work, we find that while the spiral pattern plays a role in organizing the ISM, it alone does not establish the relatively uniform azimuthal variations we observe across all the galaxies. Differences in the metal abundances are more likely driven by the strong correlations with the local physical conditions. We find a strong and positive correlation between the ionization parameter and the local abundances as measured by the relative metallicity offset Δ(O/H), indicating a tight relationship between local physical conditions and their localized enrichment of the ISM. These variations can be explained by a combination of localized, star formation-driven self-enrichment and large-scale mixing-driven dilution due to the passing of spiral density waves.

Understanding the nucleosynthetic origin of nitrogen and the evolution of the N/O ratio in the interstellar medium is crucial for a comprehensive picture of galaxy chemical evolution at high-redshift because most observational metallicity (O/H) estimates are implicitly dependent on the N/O ratio. The observed N/O at high-redshift shows an overall constancy with O/H, albeit with a large scatter. We show that these heretofore unexplained features can be explained by the pre-supernova wind yields from rotating massive stars (M≳10M⊙,ν/νcrit≳0.4). Our models naturally produce the observed N/O plateau, as well as the scatter at low O/H. We find the scatter to arise from varying star formation efficiency. However, the models that have supernovae dominated yields produce a poor fit to the observed N/O at low O/H. This peculiar abundance pattern at low O/H suggests that dwarf galaxies are most likely to be devoid of SNe yields and are primarily enriched by pre-supernova wind abundances.

Galactic winds probe how feedback regulates the mass and metallicity of galaxies. Galactic winds have cold gas, which is mainly observable with absorption and emission lines. Theoretically studying how absorption lines are produced requires numerical simulations and realistic starburst UV backgrounds. We use outputs from a suite of 3D PLUTO simulations of wind-cloud interactions to first estimate column densities and temperatures. Then, to create synthetic spectra, we developed a python interface to link our PLUTO simulations to TRIDENT via the YT-package infrastructure. We produce UV backgrounds accounting for the star formation rate of starbursts. For this purpose, we use fluxes generated by STARBURST99, which are then processed through CLOUDY to create customised ion tables. Such tables are subsequently read into TRIDENT to generate absorption spectra. We explain how the various packages and tools communicate with each other to create ion spectra consistent with spectral energy distributions of starburst systems.

One of the primary foci of research in astrophysics is on developing a rigorous understanding of the first galaxies. This entails studying the physical processes such as accretion, cooling and star formation in first galaxies, and also investigating the consequences of these processes in the present day Universe. We investigate the star formation in the early galaxies and its subsequent evolution using the eagle simulation and find that the star formation has a smooth evolutionary behaviour at low redshifts leading to a main sequence of star formation that can be explained by deterministic models using accretion history as an input. In contrast, at high redshift (>6), most of the galaxies are bursty. At high redshift, instead of exhibiting a main sequence in SFR – Mh plane, they bunch-up around a halo mass of ≈ 109 Mȯ and SFR ≈0.1 Mȯ yr−1. As a consequence, the reionization of the Universe is led by low mass haloes hosting brighter galaxies that are undergoing intense bursts. Furthermore, the bursts in the infant galaxies lead to a poorly mixed interstellar medium in which the stars can form from gas enriched predominantly by a single nucleosynthetic channel. The lower mass subset of the stars formed in first galaxies resemble the carbon enhanced metal poor stars in our Galaxy while the higher mass ones reionized the Universe.

In this paper, I review several dust evolution studies based on the DustPedia nearby galaxy sample. I first present the dust spectral energy distribution model, implementing a hierarchical Bayesian method, that we have developed. I then discuss the dust evolution trends we have derived among (integrated) and within (resolved) galaxies. In particular, we show that the trend of dust-to-gas ratio with metallicity is clearly non-linear, indicating the need for grain growth in the interstellar medium. Our trend is closer to the one derived with damped Lyα systems than what was suggested by previous studies. We finally demonstrate the universal processing of small amorphous carbon grains by stellar photons.

We report the first detection of [NII] 122 μm line toward a QSO-SMG pair, BRI 1202-0725, at z = 4.7 using ALMA. Combining with [NII] 205 μm line detection and taking the line ratio of [NII]122/[NII]205, we constrain electron densities of both galaxies. The derived electron densities are ${26_{ - 11}^{ + 12}$ and ${134_{ - 39}^{ + 50}$ cm−3 for the SMG and the QSO, respectively, which are the first measurements for galaxies at z > 4. The electron density of the SMG is comparable to the Galactic plane and the average of local spiral galaxies, while the value for the QSO is comparable to local starbursts and optical-line based measurements for star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 2–3. Considering the similar star-formation rates (SFRs) of ≍ 1000 M⊙ yr−1 for both galaxies, our results suggest a large scatter of electron densities at fixed SFR and caution against using optical lines for dusty starbursts. The details of this report are presented in Lee et al. 2019 (submitted).

Thanks to deep optical to near-IR imaging and spectroscopy, significant progress is made in characterizing the rest-frame UV to optical properties of galaxies in the early universe (z > 4. Surveys with Hubble, Spitzer, and ground-based facilities (Keck, Subaru, and VLT) provide spectroscopic and photometric redshifts, measurements of the spatial structure, stellar masses, and optical emission lines for large samples of galaxies. Recently, the Atacama Large (Sub) Millimeter Array (ALMA) has become a major player in pushing studies of high redshift galaxies to far-infrared wavelengths, hence making panchromatic surveys over many orders of frequencies possible. While past studies focused mostly on bright sub-millimeter galaxies, the sensitivity of ALMA now enables surveys like ALPINE, which focuses on measuring the gas and dust properties of a large sample of normal main-sequence galaxies at z > 4. Combining observations across different wavelengths into a single, panchromatic picture of galaxy formation and evolution is currently and in the future an important focus of the astronomical community.

A key element when modeling dust in any astrophysical environment is a self-consistent treatment of the evolution of the dust material properties (size distribution, chemical composition and structure) as they react to and adjust to the local radiation field intensity and hardness and to the gas density and dynamics. The best way to achieve this goal is to anchore as many model parameters as possible to laboratory data. In this paper, I present two examples to illustrate how outstanding questions in dust modeling have been/are being moved forward by recent advances in laboratory astrophysics and what laboratory data are still needed to further advance dust evolution models.

The pore structure of vapour deposited ASW is poorly understood, despite its importance to fundamental processes such as grain chemistry, cooling of star forming regions, and planet formation. We studied structural changes of vapour deposited D2O on intra-molecular to 30 nm length scales at temperatures ranging from 18 to 180 K and observed enhanced mobility from 100 to 150 K. An Arrhenius type model describes the loss of surface area and porosity with a common set of kinetic parameters. The low activation energy (428 K) is commensurate with van der Waals forces between nm-scale substructures in the ice. Our findings imply that water porosity will always change with time, even at low temperatures.

Since the advent of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), more attention has been paid on the ≲100 pc scale circumnuclear disk (CND) to reveal feeding and feedback processes of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). By using cold molecular CO and atomic C0 emission line observations, we have revealed that there are multi-component gas dynamical flows around the AGN of the Circinus galaxy, which may explain the physical origin of the AGN torus. In the luminous Seyfert galaxy NGC 7469, we found that [CI](1–0) line is extraordinary bright relative to CO lines (for example J 2−1), manifesting the physical/chemical influence of the AGN on the surrounding gas in the form of X-ray dominated region (XDR).

Star formation takes place in the dense gas phase, and therefore a simple dense gas and star formation rate relation has been proposed. With the advent of multi-beam receivers, new observations show that the deviation from linear relations is possible. In addition, different dense gas tracers might also change significantly the measurement of dense gas mass and subsequently the relation between star formation rate and dense gas mass. We report the preliminary results the DEnse GAs in MAssive star-forming regions in the Milky Way (DEGAMA) survey that observed the dense gas toward a suite of well-characterized massive star-forming regions in the Milky Way. Using the resulting maps of HCO+ 1–0, HCN 1–0, CS 2–1, we discuss the current understanding of the dense gas phase where star formation takes place.

“Gas Density Histogram (GDH)” is an observational counterpart of the probability density function (PDF) of the gas density of interstellar medium (ISM). We used 12CO data in (l, b) = (29°, 0) region from “FOREST unbiased galactic imaging survey with Nobeyama 45-m telescope (FUGIN)”, which is a large coverage survey in three CO (1-0) lines. Using the kinetic distance, we estimated the volume density of the voxel from the observed column density. The resultant GDHs of the inter-arm regions show lognormal or lognormal-like, but those in the spiral arm regions show flat-top shape.

The paper discusses possible impacts of the interstellar medium (ISM) on processes on Earth, first of all those, which may affect the Earth biosphere.

We present the results of two-dimensional, grid-type hydrodynamical simulations, with parsec-scale central resolution, for the evolution of the hot gas in isolated early-type galaxies (ETGs). The simulations include a physically self-consistent treatment of the mechanical (from winds) and radiative AGN feedback, and were run for a large set of realistic galaxy models. AGN feedback proves to be very important to maintain massive ETGs in a time-averaged quasi-steady state, keeping the star formation at a low level, and the central black hole mass on observed scaling relations. A comparison with recent determinations of the X-ray properties of ETGs in the local universe shows that, at later epochs, AGN feedback does not dramatically alter the gas content originating in stellar recycled material. Thus, the present-day X-ray luminosity is not a robust diagnostic of the impact of AGN activity, within a scenario where the hot gas mostly originates from the stellar population.

The interferometric and single-dish observations of the Extended Green Objects sample have been carried out in order to check the possible common pumping mechanism of class I methanol maser (cIMM) and OH(1720 MHz) maser and their identification with a front of bipolar outflow as a source of interstellar shock stimulating collisional pumping of the molecules. High spatial and spectral resolution observations of OH masers allow us to investigate structure, kinematics, and magnetic field configuration of the inner region of the source, i.e., the outflow ejection region. Analysis of magnetic field strength in a disk area is crucial to understanding of the outflow origin.

The SuperMALT survey is observing 76 MALT90 clumps at different evolutionary stages (from pre-stellar or quiescent to HII) in high excitation molecular lines and key isotopomers using the Apex 12m telescope with an angular resolution of ∼20” and a velocity resolution of ∼0.1 km/s. The aim of this survey is to determine the physical, chemical, and kinematical properties of the gas within clumps as they evolve. Here we report some preliminary results based on observations of the J=3-2 & 4-3 lines of HNC, HCN, HCO+, N2H+ and of the J=3-2 line of the isotopologue H13CO+. We find that the morphologies and line profiles vary with the evolutionary stage of the clumps. The average line width increases from quiescent to HII clumps while line ratios show hint of chemical differences among the various evolutionary stages.

The planetary nebulae (PNe) of M 31 are receiving considerable attention as probes of its structure and chemical evolution in a galactic environment that is putatively similar to the Milky Way. We have obtained deep spectra for about 30 luminous PNe in M 31’s inner disk and beyond (Rgal < 105 kpc). The entire ensemble of PNe exhibit O/H ~ 2/3 solar with no discernible radial gradient, in stark contrast to the H ii regions of M 31. This suggests that the outer PNe in M 31 formed from a common O-rich ISM at least 5 GY ago. We infer that the outer PNe and the underlying stellar population have little common history in M 31, and that the formation of the O-rich PNe preceded any putative encounter with M 33 ~2–3 Gy ago.

As part of a systematic effort to characterize the properties and progenitors of the most luminous planetary nebulae (PNe), we obtained a sample among the brightest PNe in two stellar systems of different metallicities: LMC (Z/Z⊙~0.5) and M31 (Z/Z⊙~1) by means of a combined effort with the VLT and the 10mGTC. Modelling of these data will allow us to infer the masses of the stellar progenitors, gaining insights into the controversial origin of the universal cutoff of the Planetary Nebulae Luminosity Function (PNLF).

We infer the absolute time dependence of kinematic gas temperature along a proposed orbit of molecular clouds in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) of the Galactic Center (GC). Ammonia gas temperature maps are one of the results of the “Survey of Water and Ammonia in the Galactic Center” (SWAG, PI: J. Ott); the dynamical model of molecular clouds in the CMZ was taken from Kruijssen et al. (2015). We find that gas temperatures increase as a function of time in both regimes before and after the cloud passes pericenter on its orbit in the GC potential. This is consistent with the recent proposal that pericenter passage triggers gravitational collapse. Other investigated quantities (line width, column density, opacity) show no strong sign of time dependence but are likely dominated by cloud-to-cloud variations.

We formulate and conduct the time-integration of time evolution equation for the giant molecular cloud mass function (GMCMF) including the cloud-cloud collision (CCC) effect. Our results show that the CCC effect is only limited in the massive-end of the GMCMF and indicate that future high resolution and sensitivity radio observations may constrain giant molecular cloud (GMC) timescales by observing the GMCMF slope in the lower mass regime.