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While regression analysis is widely understood, it falls short in determining the causal direction of relationships in observational data. In this groundbreaking volume, Wiedermann and von Eye introduce Direction Dependence Analysis (DDA), a novel method that leverages variable information often overlooked by traditional techniques, such as higher-order moments like skewness and kurtosis. DDA reveals the asymmetry properties of regression and correlation, enabling researchers to evaluate competing causal hypotheses, assess the roles of variables in causal flows, and develop statistical methods for testing causal direction. This book provides a comprehensive formal description of DDA, illustrated with both artificial and real-world data examples. Additionally, readers will find free software implementations of DDA, making this an essential resource for researchers seeking to enhance their understanding of causal relationships in data analysis.
This book tells the fascinating story of American English, tracing its emergence in the colonial period through to the present day. Written by a leading scholar, and drawing on data from the Linguistic Atlas Project, it explores how and why American English differs from British English, how it has been standardized, and how the USA's global political power has influenced its prominent status around the world. Illustrated with copious examples of language in use, it also surveys the various dialects of American English, including African American English, and explores social and cultural variation between English and other languages spoken in the United States. Each chapter explains the relevant terms and concepts from linguistics, and provides computer-based exercises. The author also introduces the basics of complexity science, showing how complex systems shape development and change in American English. Authoritative yet accessible, it will be essential reading for researchers and students alike.
An essential resource for trainee teachers and graduate students, this textbook presents strategies and practical advice for preparing and planning lessons in a clear, step-by-step way and demonstrates how to inspire confidence and competence in language learners. Chapters cover many important aspects of initial teacher training including skills development; modes of teaching; unit and lesson planning; assessment; remote learning; digital literacy, and student and teacher wellbeing. Packed with pedagogical value, each chapter includes clear learning objectives, concise chapter summaries, defined key terms, interactive box features, reflective questions and further reading recommendations. Supplementary resources include templates for planning and assessment, feed-forward and feedback forms, extra tasks and activities, and sample answers. By connecting theory and practice, this authoritative guide provides trainee teachers with the necessary tools to develop the knowledge, skills and methods required to become an effective modern languages teacher in a contemporary world.
Based on nearly a decade of collaboration by leading Indigenous and non-Indigenous legal experts and researchers, Indigenous Peoples Inspiring Sustainable Development amplifies the guidance and wisdom of Indigenous knowledge and law, as reflected in First Nations treaties with countries. It explores the potential of these covenants to guide sustainable development opportunities in the context of evolving international and domestic legal regimes. Through comparative legal research and contextualized examples across diverse communities' and countries' accords, the volume uncovers whether and how the principles, provisions and practices of Indigenous treaties can strengthen efforts to address pressing social, environmental, and economic challenges. Through cutting-edge insights and stories, the authors analyse how implementation of these treaties could foster, rather than frustrate, efforts to advance the global Sustainable Development Goals by upholding the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Drawing from the work of experienced scholars across various fields, countries, and periods, this volume is the first book in any language to provide a comprehensive history of antifascisms in Latin America and the Caribbean. It presents antifascism as a multifaceted phenomenon at the intersection of local, national, and transnational processes that is embraced by a variety of actors with differing agendas. Offering an innovative and fundamental contribution to several bodies of scholarship, including history, art, literature, sports, race, gender, and sexuality, it expands the field of antifascist studies by demonstrating the differences and similarities between Latin American and Caribbean movements and actors and their counterparts elsewhere. Multidisciplinary and accessible, the original essays in this volume will engage a broad audience and offer important insights about the rise of right-wing populism today.
We are, says Nietzsche, often unknown to ourselves. Most recent studies of Nietzsche's works focus on our reactions to conditions of self-estrangement, particularly nihilistic despair or decadence. Allison Merrick takes a different approach, focusing on what she argues is Nietzsche's greatest contribution to philosophical thought, the method of genealogy. Commonly interpreted as vindicatory, subversive, and problematising, Merrick argues that Nietzsche's genealogical method possess a liberatory potential. Nietzsche's analysis reveals how our motivations and our feelings, our reflective thoughts and our judgments, are shaped by evaluative 'templates' of which we are often unaware and how these templates can be revealed, articulated, and overcome. By uncovering and challenging these hidden frameworks, Nietzsche's genealogical approach aims to render us less obscure to ourselves, to liberate us from value systems that no longer serve our interests, and to demonstrate how we might become less prone to guilt and shame.
It is a curious fact that even notoriously difficult computational problems can be expressed in the form of a high-dimensional Venn diagram, where solutions lie in the overlap of a pair of remarkably simple sets, A and B. The simplicity of these sets enables operations called projections that locate the nearest point of A, or B, starting anywhere within the high-dimensional space. This book introduces a novel method for tackling complex problems that exploits projections and the two-set structure, offering an effective alternative to traditional, gradient-based approaches. Beginning with phase retrieval, where A and B address the properties of an image and its Fourier transform, it progresses to more diverse challenges, such as sphere packing, origami design, sudoku and tiling puzzles, data dimension reduction, and neural network training. The text presents a detailed description of this powerful and original approach and is essential reading for physicists and applied mathematicians.
The outbreak of the First World War shattered the established European art market. Amidst fighting, looting, confiscations, expropriation fears and political and economic upheaval, an integrated marketplace shaped by upper-class patrons broke down entirely. In its place, Maddalena Alvi argues, can be found the origins of a recognisably modern market of nationalised spheres driven by capitalist investment and speculation, yet open to wider social strata. Delving into auction records, memoirs, newspaper articles, financial and legal documents in six languages, Alvi explores these cultural and socio-economic developments across the British, French, and German markets, as well as trade spheres such as Russia and Scandinavia. 1914 marked the end of the European art market and cemented the connection between art and finance.
British law underwent significant changes in the eighteenth century as jurists and legislators adapted doctrines to fit the needs of an increasingly commercial, industrial, and imperial society. This volume reveals how legal developments of the period shaped and were shaped by imaginative writing. Reading canonical and lesser-known texts from the Restoration to the Romantic era, the chapters explore literary engagements with libel law, plague law, marriage law, naturalization law, the poor laws, the law of slavery and abolition, and the practice of common-law decision-making. The volume also considers the language and form of legal treatises and judicial decisions, as well as recent appropriations of the period's literature and legal norms by the Christian right. Through these varied case studies, the volume deepens our knowledge of law and literature's mutual entanglements in the long eighteenth century while shedding light on legal and ethical questions that remain of concern to this day.
Designed for researchers in ecology at all levels and career stages, from students and postdoctoral fellows to seasoned professionals, this third edition reflects the significant advances in quantitative analysis of the past decade. It provides updated examples and methods, with reduced emphasis on older techniques that have seen limited use in recent ecological literature. The authors cover new and emerging approaches, including Hierarchical Bayesian analysis and spatio-temporal methods. A key feature is the integration of ecological and statistical concepts, highlighting the critical role that this type of analysis plays in ecological understanding. The book provides up-to-date summaries of methodological advancements in spatial and spatio-temporal analysis, along with insights into future developments in areas such as spatial graphs, multi-level networks, and machine learning applications. It also offers practical examples and guidance to help researchers select, apply, and interpret the appropriate methods.
As the federal government failed to take ambitious action to limit climate change in the early 21st century, many cities in the US pledged to step into the void. Networks of city governments and philanthropists offered support and cities invested their own resources in sustainability offices. However, cities made limited progress in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions in the first two decades of this century. Local Greens provides a clear-eyed analysis of the potential for big city governments to address society's most pressing environmental problems in the near term. Through original case studies of New York's environmental policy efforts in the early 21st century, the book examines the promise and perils of turning to cities to tackle climate change. Drawing on an analysis of cities' strengths and weaknesses, the book outlines a high-level agenda for urban environmental policy for a sustainable future.