Synthetic hematites with Al substitutions between 0 and 18 mol % were synthesized at different temperatures and water activities. The cell-edge lengths a for different synthesis conditions decreased linearly with increasing Al substitution. The regression lines, however, had different slopes and intercepts: the series with the highest synthesis temperature (1270 K) had the most negative slope. With increasing Al substitution, the hematites contained increasing amounts of non-surface water. Significant correlations were found between these chemically determined water contents and the deviations of the unit-cell parameters a, c, and V relative to the corresponding 1270 K regression lines. To explain the measured X-ray peak intensities, structural OH had to be included into the theoretical calculations. From intensity ratios normalized to I113, it is possible to determine the structural OH separately from the Al substitution, which can be assessed by the shift of the cell-edge lengths relative to the 1270 K regression lines. The incorporation of Al and OH into the hematite structure induces strain, which was quantified by X-ray diffraction.

Violence against women in all its forms is the most shameful violation of human rights. It is a violation that continues to increase over the years despite the existence of international and national laws. Morocco is one of the countries in the world that suffers from this discrimination against women. To deal with this phenomenon, national texts intervene to establish a legal framework that respects the principle of equality between women and men such as the Constitution of 2011, The Family Code (“Moudawana”) of 2004, and the adoption in 2016 of Law No. 27-14 on the fight against human trafficking, etc. In 2018, Law No. 103-13 related to the fight against violence towards women was promulgated. It is a law which constitutes a real legislative innovation in Morocco since it will reduce or even stop a certain number of abuses experienced by women. This is what leads us to ask ourselves, is Law No. 103-13 really going to allow us to abolish the segregation between men and women? And would this law allow us to fight against all kinds of violations against women?

Les professionnels de la psychiatrie et de la justice sont amenés à se rencontrer depuis de nombreuses années.

Si les psychiatres apportent depuis longtemps leur contribution à la justice en tant qu’experts ou médecins coordonnateurs, à une place clairement définie, les relations sont parfois plus complexes dans deux domaines parfois source de questionnement dans nos pratiques.

Nous aborderons l’articulation santé justice dans la prise en charge des obligations et injonctions de soin où nécessaire articulation et respect sans faille du secret professionnel et de la thérapie, amènent des relations parfois tendues qui nécessitent quelques aménagements. Nous aborderons ensuite l’application de la loi de juillet 2011 qui a instauré la judiciarisation garante du respect des droits du patient.

Ces nouvelles dispositions, attendues majoritairement par notre profession, ne sont pourtant pas sans poser question, lorsque le juge ne s’en tient pas à juger sur la forme et le respect de la procédure mais s’invite sur le terrain de la clinique, allant jusqu’à remettre en question la poursuite d’une hospitalisation ou proposer la modification du projet de soin en préconisant la mise en place de soins sans consentement ambulatoires.

Connaître les prérogatives, les contraintes de chacun mais aussi les limites de son champ d’intervention, peut permettre d’éviter les malentendus source de tension.

La mise en place de temps de rencontre formalisés, comme les tables rondes santé justice, sur des questions théoriques et pratiques permet une connaissance mutuelle dans le respect des places de chacun.

Enfin, la présence de juriste au sein des établissements psychiatriques peut également être une interface pertinente.

The Holocene evolution of climate in easternmost Fennoscandia and adjoining regions is poorly known, compared with regions to the west. To address this, a 224-cm-long sediment core from Lake Medvedevskoe, situated on the Central Upland of the Karelian Isthmus, northwestern Russia, was examined to investigate variations in the Holocene climate. Analyses indicate that the dry and cold late Pleistocene climate was replaced by the warmer and more humid early Holocene climate after ca. 10.5 cal ka BP. During the early Holocene, the lake transitioned from an oligotrophic to a mesotrophic state, characterized by a “Corynocera ambigua/Microtendipes pedellus-type” phase, which has been found in other lakes across Fennoscandia. Taxonomic shifts in the chironomid and cladoceran communities associated with climatic amelioration were identified at ca. 10.6 and 9.17 cal ka BP using breakpoint analysis. Reconstructed July temperatures indicate climatic patterns comparable to those seen in eastern Fennoscandia. The warm period between ca. 9.5 and 5.5 cal ka BP (T July 14.5–15°C) was interrupted by a slight cooling between ca. 8.5 and 8.1 cal ka BP, possibly relating to the 8.2 event, with peak temperature reached at ca. 7.8 cal ka BP. Neoglacial cooling started after ca. 5.5 cal ka BP, the median reconstructed July temperature dropped to 2–3°C cooler than present (mean T July 13.5°C) before recovering in recent time.

This article explains why and how some Canadians have asserted a right to possess firearms from the late nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century. It demonstrates that several late-nineteenth-century politicians asserted a right to arms for self-defence purposes based on the English Bill of Rights. This “right” was forgotten until opponents of gun control dusted it off in the late twentieth century. Firearm owners began to assert such a right based upon the English Bill of Rights, William Blackstone, and the English common law. Their claims remained judicially untested until recent cases finally undermined such arguments.

Youth without housing experience more regulation and conflict with criminal justice than their housed counterparts. Using in-depth qualitative interviews with fifty-one young people, we focus on how efforts to move away from homelessness towards long-term housing stability are impacted by conflict with law, a term referring to a broad range of experiences with various authorities in the legal system, social services, shelters, etc. Our paper comes out of a yearlong longitudinal study of the factors and processes affecting the transition away from youth homelessness in Toronto and Halifax. We consider practical barriers generated by conflict with law, but also the role that it can play in shaping the identity processes at the heart of successful transitions. Our findings highlight how conflict with law and regulation—even occurring before and during homelessness—has serious repercussions for young people well after they have left the streets.

The authors present and discuss a method for simultaneous quantitative analysis of total loss on ignition (LOI) (CO2 + H2O) and CO2 content separate from the LOI, in an industrial environment of quicklime production. Total LOI is determined by the Compton scattered RhKα tube radiation which is used directly in the calibration equation. The resulting calibration curve for LOI, including matrix correction shows an accuracy of 0.15 mass%. The carbon content (CO2) is distinguished from total LOI by measuring CKα radiation, which is possible with the required accuracy by employing a new multilayer analyzer with greatly improved background characteristics. The method aims at high reliability and sample throughput and at becoming a less time-consuming alternative to the conventional method of LOI determination by weighing sequences before and after “ignition” at 1050 °C.

Fusion bead method produces homogeneous samples and is suitable for analysis using fundamental-parameter (FP) method in XRF. This report describes an FP method for analysis of non-oxide samples such as metals made into fusion beads. During the fusion process, all non-oxide elements in the sample are oxidized and gain-on-ignition (GOI) occurs. Volatile elements such as carbon do not remain in the sample as a result of fusion. This process is known as loss-on-ignition (LOI). To obtain reliable analysis results of fusion beads with the FP method, weight changes as a result of LOI and GOI must be reflected accurately in software calculation. The newly developed FP method, which takes these weight changes and dilution ratios into consideration, was able to yield accurate analysis results for ferroalloys FeSi, FeMn, and SiMn, some of which have high carbon content. This method is also applicable for sulfides and carbides.

The new Quebec Civil Code came into effect on January 1,1994. This text enacted among other things the new provisions for consent to experimentation. In this article, we summarize these provisions and highlight the necessity of excluding from the majority of research protocols, people unable to consent without legal representative. Thanks to the database of a recent study, we then show that this provision can render certain gerontological studies invalid. This leads us to recommend that the Civil Code be amended in a way to allow impaired persons who are not legally represented to participate in studies that do not pose any serious risk to their health.

In Canada, provincial and territorial laws address circumstances in which a substitute decision-maker may be appointed for an adult deemed legally incapable of making decisions in one or more areas of life. We searched for provincial and territorial laws that explicitly address substitute decision-making about research participation, and found significant differences among Canadian jurisdictions. In some provinces and territories there is no direct statutory guidance on the issue. Differences among jurisdictions that address substitute decision-making about research in legislation include whether judicial intervention is required to authorize the substitute decision-maker, whether any advance directive in place must explicitly authorize the decision about research in order for a proxy to consent, and how risk and benefit thresholds beyond which substitute consent to research is prohibited are articulated. It is imperative that government, researchers, and the Canadian public revisit the principles underpinning substitute decision-making about research in light of national and international norms, in order to lend clarity and consistency to this area of law and research practice.