This chapter focuses on the variety of different EEG patterns that can be seen after hypoxic ischemic brain injury, which often produces some of the most severe encephalopathies. Common post–cardiac arrest findings include discontinuity, burst suppression, background voltage attenuation and suppression, lack of EEG reactivity, seizures, myoclonus, and status epilepticus. The prognostic significance of these findings is discussed. Finally, the topic of using EEG as a confirmatory tool in brain death protocols is introduced.

Uterine sarcomas are rare tumours with high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Only low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas and adenosarcoma without sarcomatous overgrowth occasionally show an indolent growth, but late recurrences occur even in early-stage disease. Total hysterectomy is the cornerstone of treatment. Tumour-free resection margins after primary surgery and prevention of intra-abdominal spillage of malignant tissue during the intervention are of utmost importance. Removal of the ovaries and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection remain controversial, but oophorectomy is recommended in postmenopausal women and in patients with hormone-sensitive disease. Influence of adjuvant radiotherapy and adjuvant systemic therapy on survival is uncertain, but may be indicated in cases with high risk of recurrence. Palliative systemic therapies comprise doxorubicin alone or in combination with gemcitabine or olaratumab and aromatase inhibitors in hormone-sensitive disease. Encouraging new therapeutic options are beginning to emerge with targeted therapies.

Due to their largely different histology, biology and clinical features, ovarian malignancies in children and adolescents may represent unique problems for clinicians who diagnose and treat mainly adult patients with ovarian neoplasms. In order to provide the highest chance of cure with the lowest risk of late sequelae for these patients, specific knowledge and experience is required for the recognition, diagnosis and optimal management of these tumours.

Malignant disease of uterine corpus is mostly represented by endometrial cancer, the most frequent genital tract neoplasia in developed countries, affecting women more frequently in perimenopause or after menopause.

Classically divided into type I endometrioid tumours (80–90%) and type II tumours, associated with a worse prognosis (e.g. serous, clear cell), it recently became clear that the genomic analysis of these tumours is the most accurate tool to recognize the prognosis of an endometrial neoplasia much earlier.

The diagnosis usually involves a combination of ultrasound and hysteroscopy, and the latter remains the gold standard to obtain an endometrial sample in this setting. The standard treatment and extension of the surgical staging will depend on the pre- and perioperative evaluation, including the histological type and grade, as well as the depth of myometrial invasion. The need for adjuvant therapy is currently decided by the assessment of the risk for recurrence.

Non-epithelial ovarian cancers account for approximately 10% of all ovarian cancers. Malignant ovarian germ cell tumours and the sex cord–stromal tumours are the common ones. The malignant ovarian germ cell tumours are typically early-life tumours and in their management fertility preservation techniques are usually used. The sex cord–stromal tumours are indolent neoplasias and are associated with hormone-dependent syndromes, with endocrine manifestations. Both of these groups experience a much better outcome than epithelial ovarian cancers, with excellent survival and a manageable treatment-associated morbidity. There are other types of non-epithelial ovarian cancers such as sarcomas, lymphomas, small cell carcinomas or metastatic lesions to the ovary. These are rare entities and are not included in this chapter.

EEG is useful to make prognostic estimations and evaluate for nonconvulsive seizures post cardiac arrest. Unfavorable EEG patterns portend poor outcomes, whereas early improvements including restoration of physiological rhythms are associated with better outcomes. The EEG has limitations; it should not be used in isolation to make prognostic estimations. Highly malignant EEG patterns are specifically associated with poor outcomes. Individual malignant patterns have low sensitivity and specificity for poor outcomes. Benign patterns (absence of malignant features) suggest favorable outcomes. Seizures and status epilepticus are common post cardiac arrest and may contribute to poor outcomes. Myoclonic status epilepticus is characterized by prolonged cortical myoclonus. Early myoclonic status epilepticus post cardiac arrest is typically associated with poor prognosis.

Disorders of histiocytic and dendritic cell origin, traditionally referred to as histiocytoses [1], form a group of extremely rare tumours, characterized by variable malignant potential and unpredictable clinical course, from spontaneously regressing to rapidly progressing. While the neoplastic character of some of these entities is still debated, the most commonly acknowledged predictors of malignant behaviour remain as morphological features, i.e. degree of cellular anaplasia. Some of these disorders show predilection for skeletal involvement (Langerhans cell histiocytosis, LCH; Erdheim–Chester disease, ECD) but bone marrow (BM) infiltration is infrequent. In turn, entities classified as frankly malignant (e.g. histiocytic sarcoma, HS) most often form tumoural masses in lymph nodes or at extranodal sites. Interestingly, many of the tumoural lesions in this category demonstrate ability to transdifferentiate to and from other malignancies, including lymphomas and leukaemias. Therefore although primary histiocytic or dendritic cell disorders are most commonly diagnosed in skeletal, soft tissue or lymph node biopsies, BM biopsies (BMB) and aspirates may be obtained for staging purposes or in cases when occurrence of secondary malignancy is suspected.