Physical violence and social conflict have been widely studied in the ancient societies of the Andes. However, studies about violence are scarce for the Formative period of northern Chile (1000 BC–AD 900). Evidence from these investigations is generally interpreted as interpersonal violence, whose protagonists are mostly men. Here, we present the case of an adult female recovered from the Tarapacá 40 cemetery (Tarapacá region, Chile) displaying lesions suggestive of trauma. We reconstruct her life and death in the context of this era's social and political conditions. Results of our bioanthropological characterization, cranial trauma analysis, carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, and recording of the funerary offerings suggest she was a local member of the Formative community buried in the Tarapacá 40 cemetery and that she suffered intentional lethal lesions. Her death is unusual because there are no previous bioarchaeological records of lethal violence against women in the Tarapacá region. The osteobiography of this woman reflects a context characterized by an increase in inequality and social complexity, whereby physical violence could be used as a mechanism of internal regulation and exercise of power during the Formative period.

La Villa de Salamanca de Bacalar (siglos diecisiete al diecinueve) fue un asentamiento de frontera entre México y Belice. El objetivo del artículo es recrear la vida cotidiana por la que atravesaron tres personajes adultos (dos masculinos y uno femenino) que vivieron alrededor de los primeros 60 años del siglo diecinueve en la Villa y que fueron inhumados en la Iglesia de San Joaquín. Metodológicamente he empleado el marco analítico de la osteobiografía bajo un recurso de narrativa ficticia recreada con información historiográfica primaria y secundaria, ambientando la sociedad antes de y durante la Guerra de Castas de la Península de Yucatán, México. Con ello, describo las condiciones físicas y patológicas —óseas y dentales— de los tres individuos, analizadas mediante el marco de indicadores de estrés esquelético. El resultado es la recreación de las condiciones de vida y de la vida cotidiana de un segmento de la población, quien estuvo sujeta a condiciones higiénicas precarias, enfermedades infecciosas recurrentes y cargas de trabajo. Las huellas de estos problemas son valoradas mediante sus huesos y dientes. La vida y muerte de estos individuos fue puesta en contexto de comportamientos, costumbres y formas de vida individual y colectiva de un poblado periférico del México novohispano.

In 2015, an unusual burial was uncovered during construction works at Great Casterton, Rutland. A male adult human skeleton, secured at the ankles with a pair of iron fetters and a padlock, was buried in a probable ditch. Iron hobnails were present around the feet of the individual. A radiocarbon date (AMS) from the burial produced a date of a.d. 226–427 with 95.4 per cent probability. This example appears to be the first definitive archaeologically excavated instance of an individual buried in this manner in Roman Britain. The character of the burial may imply that this was a slave, although other possibilities are also considered, as are the wider social and symbolic implications of the inclusion of shackles in a burial.

This research explores the contribution bioarchaeology can make to the study of slavery in Roman Britain, responding to the calls by Webster and colleagues for the greater use of osteological and scientific techniques in this endeavour. It reviews the evidence for the bodies of the enslaved in the primary sources and bioarchaeological evidence from the New World and the Roman Empire. The paper aims to establish patterns of physiological stress and disease, which could be used to reconstruct osteobiographies of these individuals, and applies these findings to bioarchaeological evidence from Britain. It concludes that at the present time, it may not be possible for us to successfully separate out the enslaved from the poor or bonded labourers, because their life experiences were very similar. Nevertheless, these people are overlooked in the archaeological record, so unless we attempt to search for them in the extant evidence, the life experiences of the majority of the Romano-British population who were vital to its economy will remain lost to us.