In 2014, Nigeria halted transmission of wild poliovirus for the first time in its history. A critical enabling component in this historic achievement was the use of satellite data to produce more accurate maps and population estimates used in planning and implementing vaccination campaigns. This article employs a value-of-information approach to estimate the net socioeconomic benefits associated with this use of satellite data. We calculate the increase in the likelihood of halting transmission of polio associated with the use of satellite-based information compared to traditional data sources, and we consider the benefits associated with savings to the healthcare system as well as health benefits. Using a conservative approach focused on just 1 year of benefits, we estimate net socioeconomic benefits of between $46.0 million and $153.9 million. In addition to these quantified benefits, we also recognize qualitative benefits associated with improving human health, reaching marginalized communities, and building capacity among local populations. We also explore the substantial benefits associated with follow-on projects that have made use of the satellite-based data products and methodologies originally developed for the Nigeria polio eradication effort.

We used Sentinel-2 satellite imagery at 10 m resolution to map the extent of Norway's glaciers and ice-marginal lakes over 2018–19. We applied a standardized semi-automated band ratio method to derive glacier outlines and ice-marginal lakes. To optimise the results, we manually edited the ice-lake interfaces, debris, snow and parts of the glaciers situated under shadow. We compared our Sentinel-2 derived outlines with very high-resolution aerial orthophotos and Pléiades satellite orthoimages. Glaciers larger than 0.3 km2 have area differences within 7%, whereas values are larger for smaller glaciers. The orthophotos and orthoimages provide more details and a higher mapping accuracy for individual glaciers, but require manual digitisation, have smaller spatial and temporal coverage and can have adverse snow conditions. We found a total glacier area of 2328 ± 70 km2 of which the ten largest glaciers accounted for 52%. The glacier area decreased 15% since the previous inventory (Landsat data from 1999 to 2006), the reduction being largest in northern Norway (22%) compared to southern Norway (10%). We detected more than 2000 previously undetected smaller glaciers and ice patches (covering 37 km2) and 360 new ice-marginal lakes.

The recent development in the miniaturisation of small satellites and their subsystems has opened a new window of research for the universities around the globe. The low-cost, lightweight, small and flexible satellites have resulted in a broad range of multi-cube format small satellites, constructed from one-to-many adjoined cubes, having total mass between 1 and 10kg. The most challenging design part of the small satellites is to implant a large number of subsystems in a limited space. In order to resolve this issue, the designers are trying to shrink down the subsystem’s dimensions further. In this paper, a magnetorquer coil is designed and analysed for a 4U (4 units cube; 33 × 33 × 16.5)cm3 and 8U (8 units cube; 33 × 33 × 33)cm3 multi-cube small satellites, respectively. The coil is embedded in the six internal layers of an eight-layers printed circuit board (PCB). The designed magnetorquer system is fully reconfigurable and multiple coils configurations can be achieved by attaching them in series, parallel and hybrid arrangements. Due to embedded nature, the heat generated by the coil may damage the components mounted on the PCB outer surfaces. Therefore, thermal analysis is performed to ensure that the coil generated heat will not cross the PCB components temperature safety limits. All the possible combinations of the coils are analysed for current drawn, power consumption, heat dissipation, magnetic moment generation and resultant torque. A desired torque can be attained by using a particular coil configuration at the cost of specific amount of consumed power and PCB surface thermals.

Realizing packaged state-of-the-art performance of monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) operating at millimeter wavelengths presents significant challenges in terms of electrical interface circuitry and physical construction. For instance, even with the aid of modern electromagnetic simulation tools, modeling the interaction between the MMIC and its package embedding circuit can lack the necessary precision to achieve optimum device performance. Physical implementation also introduces inaccuracies and requires iterative interface component substitution that can produce variable results, is invasive and risks damaging the MMIC. This paper describes a novel method for in situ optimization of packaged millimeter-wave devices using a pulsed ultraviolet laser to remove pre-selected areas of interface circuit metallization. The method was successfully demonstrated through the optimization of a 183 GHz low noise amplifier destined for use on the MetOp-SG meteorological satellite series. An improvement in amplifier output return loss from an average of 12.9 dB to 22.7 dB was achieved across an operational frequency range of 175–191 GHz and the improved circuit reproduced. We believe that our in situ tuning technique can be applied more widely to planar millimeter-wave interface circuits that are critical in achieving optimum device performance.

We investigate a strategy to address the problem of low aircraft detection probability of space-based Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B). A nineteen-element hexagonal array and adaptive multi-beamforming method is proposed. This method aims to adjust the beam pattern dynamically to reduce signal collision and enlarge coverage. With the focus on the mission requirement of global aircraft detection by 2020, the appropriate gain and direction of beams are studied and designed in detail. Theoretical analysis and simulations show that this adaptive multi-beam antenna can greatly improve flight detection probability at an average reporting interval from 10 seconds to 5 seconds when compared with the traditional fixed multi-beam antenna. The results of this work show that the design of a 19-element antenna along with the adaptive multi-beamforming method can be considered as a building block of future space-based ADS-B.

Recently, universities and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have initiated the development of nanosatellites because of their low cost, small size and short development time. The challenging aspects for these satellites are their small surface area for heat dissipation due to their limited size. There is not enough space for mounting radiators for heat dissipation. As a result, thermal modelling becomes a very important element in designing a small satellite. The paper presents detailed and simplified generic thermal models for CubeSat panels and also for the complete satellite. The detailed model takes all thermal resistances associated with the respective layers into account, while in the simplified model, the layers with similar materials have been combined and are represented by a single thermal resistance. The proposed models are then applied to a CubeSat standard nanosatellite called AraMiS-C1, developed at Politecnico di Torino, Italy. Thermal resistance measured through both models is compared, and the results are similar. The absorbed power and the corresponding temperature differences between different points of the single panel and complete satellite are measured. In order to verify the theoretical results, thermal resistance of the AraMiS-C1 and its panels are measured through experimental set-ups. Theoretical and measured values are in close agreement.

This paper proposes a globally and exponentially convergent predictive observer for attitude and position estimation based on landmark measurements and velocity (angular and linear) readings. It is assumed that landmark measurements are available with time-delay. The maximum value of the sensor delay under which the estimation error converges to zero is calculated. Synthesis of the observer is based on a representation of rigid-body kinematics and sensor delay, formulated via ordinary and partial differential equations (ODE-PDE). Observability condition specifies necessary and sufficient landmark configuration for convergence of attitude and position estimation error to zero. Finally, for implementation purposes, a PDE-free realization of the predictive observer is proposed. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate performance and convergence properties of the predictive observer in case of a wheeled mobile robot.

As part of the overarching research goal to assess current and potential maritime information sources for use in maritime defence and security in the Canadian north, we examine whether wide-area surveillance data, as represented by Space-based Automatic Identification System (S-AIS) data, offers sufficient information for surveillance requirements in the Canadian north. If S-AIS data are not sufficient, we address how the additional information provided by Long-Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT) can be used to meet the surveillance requirements. A Systems Tool Kit (STK) simulation scenario is constructed that includes five exactEarth satellites collecting AIS data. Simulated AIS transmitters are positioned at 20 northern Canada ground locations. The results indicate that for each location, two thirds of the eight-day simulation is spent without a satellite within range, when using the five satellites. As the number of satellites decreases, intervals in the range of 80 to 105 minutes, during which there are no AIS messages received, increase in frequency. If the end-user requires vessel location information more often than S-AIS consistently provides, augmenting the S-AIS information with LRIT polling should achieve the desired vessel traffic awareness.

Both analytical and numerical results are used to study high-order resonance regions in the vicinity of Molnya-type orbits. Based on data of numerical simulations, long-term orbital evolution are studied for objects in highly elliptical orbits depending on their area-to-mass ratio. The Poynting–Robertson effect causes a secular decrease in the semi-major axis of a spherically symmetrical satellite. Under the Poynting–Robertson effect, objects pass through the regions of high-order resonances. The Poynting–Robertson effect and secular perturbations of the semi-major axis lead to the formation of weak stochastic trajectories.

The dramatic increase over the past decade in the quantity and sophistication of communications satellites in the earth's orbit raises new legal questions regarding the hostile disruption of satellite transmissions. As dependence on satellite communications in the military, governmental, economic and civilian spheres escalates globally, both states and non-state entities have become increasingly vulnerable to the consequences of disrupted transmissions, whether accidental or intentional. The implications of this new phenomenon for international humanitarian law (IHL) are better understood in the context of a preliminary analysis of the principles and norms underlying three regimes which now converge around satellite activities ad bellum. These are the substantive law regarding freedom of transborder communication, including relevant jus cogens prohibitions; international telecommunications regulation; and space law. The present analysis focuses on (a) the development of a taxonomy of the types of hostile disruption of satellite transmissions, (b) an examination of the three present normative regimes which govern international satellite transmissions in peacetime, and (c) the relevance of these three regimes for the development of applicable IHL. Overall, the article addresses the legal and policy aspects of an improved international response to the growing phenomenon of transmission disruption on the part of state and non-state entities both in peacetime and during war. Greater clarity regarding the applicable legal norms will enable both state and non-state actors to utilise satellite systems with increased certainty, reliability and effectiveness.

Satellite microwave measurements can penetrate through clouds and therefore provide unique information of surface and near-surface temperatures and surface emissivity. In this study, the brightness temperatures from NOAA-15 Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) are used to analyse the surface temperature variation in the Arctic and Antarctic regions during the past 13 years from 1998–2010. The data from four AMSU-A channels sensitive to surface are analysed with wavelet and Fourier spectrum techniques. A very pronounced maximum is noticed in the period range centred around four months. Application of a statistical significance test confirms that it is a dominant mode of variability over polar regions besides the annual and semi-annual oscillations in the data. No evidence of this feature could be found in middle and low latitudes. The four-month oscillation is 90° out of phase at the Arctic and Antarctic, with the Arctic four-month oscillation reaching its maximum in the beginning of March, July and November and the Antarctic four-month oscillation in the middle of April, August and December. The intensity of the four-month oscillation varies interannually. The years with pronounced four-month oscillation were 2002–03, 2005–06 and 2008–09. The strongest year for the Arctic and Antarctic four-month oscillations occurred in 2005–06 and 2008–09, respectively. The sign of four-month oscillation is also found in the surface skin temperatures and two-metre air temperatures from ERA-Interim reanalysis, with strongest signal in 2005–06 when this oscillation is strongest in the data. It is hypothesized that the Arctic and Antarctic four-month oscillations are a combined result of unique features of solar radiative forcing and snow/sea ice formation and metamorphosis.

The search for Dyson Spheres has been propelled not only by the hope of discovering intelligent alien life, but by humanity's ever-increasing need for energy. However, the Dyson Sphere is not a practical design, requiring too much matter to build and too much energy to stabilize. Here we discuss the various designs of a Dyson Sphere and propose the Solar Wind Power (SWP) Satellite, a simplistic, self-sustaining system that draws power from the solar wind and uses a laser to fire energy to collectors (on space stations, bases, etc.) positioned anywhere in the Solar System. While a small SWP Satellite can provide an estimated 2 MW of power, larger (or networks of) satellites could provide terawatts of power or more. The cost of the SWP Satellite would be relatively cheap – it primarily consists of shaped copper, with only a few complex systems onboard. Detection of such a satellite would be difficult using current technology, because at this time we can only detect solar wind deviations of up to 10−13 MS yr−1, while a 2 MW satellite would only divert 10−34 MS yr−1. Thus, only very large SWP Satellites could possibly be detected.

Four satellite rain estimations based on microwave (MW), infrared (IR) or combined MW-IR techniques are compared with the BOlogna Limited Area Model (BOLAM) rain forecast for a severe weather event (8–13 November 2001) over the western Mediterranean Sea.

Two of the investigated multi-channel MW rainfall algorithms use data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The Frequency Difference Algorithm relies on data from the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and the other one combines data from the Precipitation Radar (PR) with those from the nine-channel radiometer TMI, called PR Adjusted TMI Estimations of Rainfall (PATER) algorithm. The pure IR Rain Estimator uses geostationary IR METEOSAT data and the combined Naval Research Laboratory algorithm uses both MW data from low orbiting satellites and IR data from the geostationary orbit.

Validation results, computed over a common grid, which is independent of the different field of view sizes of the applied data sets, indicate that there is generally a better performance for heavy rain (> 6 mm h−1) than for light rain (<1 mm h−1). Both MW algorithms perform rather similarly, although PATER shows some rain detection problems due to thick aerosol loads originating from the desert. The BOLAM model presents a good agreement with the MW and only a minor location error of a heavy rain area was detected. Both IR-based algorithms have problems in identifying the correct rainy areas compared to MW. Overall, the results suggest that there are advantages in combining both techniques – the well-known rain physics of the MW channels with the high temporal resolution of IR algorithms – to retrieve precipitation from satellite data.

Areas surveyed for ELT projects using satellite data are described. A synopsis of the methodology used is given and selected results from recent studies are presented.

Recent studies confirm the importance of satellite positioning in location-based services (LBS) development. A field study was conducted in suburban and rural areas near Zagreb, Croatia in order to examine the real-time data compliance with recently established positioning performance requirements for LBS quality of service (QoS). Data analysis was based on comparison between actual positioning performance and pre-specified positioning parameter values using defined comparative procedures. The results presented here confirm a good correlation between the actual and required positioning performance, even without implementation of any of augmentation or assistance positioning methods.