This paper advances a provisional case denying the attribution of the medieval liturgical sequence Sanctitatis nova signa, written in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi, to Thomas of Celano (died c. 1260), who is best known for writing the earliest biography of the saint. The Conventual Franciscan friar and bishop, Pietro Ridolfi, provides the oldest extant attribution of this sequence to Celano. Luke Wadding (died 1657) echoes this point in his Annales Minorum; several recent critical editions of early Franciscan texts, as well as countless secondary sources, cite Wadding for the attribution to Celano. This identification remains problematic, not only due to the lateness of the Ridolfi-Wadding claim; the sequence's use of Dionysian mystical motifs and details unique to Bonaventure's Legenda Major (completed 1262) should exclude the possibility of Celano's authorship. Consequently this study tentatively dates the sequence to the latter part of the thirteenth century. Unlike the earlier sequences for Saint Francis attributed to Pope Gregory IX (died 1241) and Thomas of Capua (died 1243), Sanctitatis depicts Francis as a model Dionysian mystic. This mystical exemplarity becomes the image of unity advanced by the Franciscans to heal the internal crises plaguing the order in the later thirteenth century.

We write $\mathcal {S}_n(A)$ for the set of permutations of a set A with n non-fixed points and $\mathrm {{seq}}^{1-1}_n(A)$ for the set of one-to-one sequences of elements of A with length n where n is a natural number greater than $1$. With the Axiom of Choice, $|\mathcal {S}_n(A)|$ and $|\mathrm {{seq}}^{1-1}_n(A)|$ are equal for all infinite sets A. Among our results, we show, in ZF, that $|\mathcal {S}_n(A)|\leq |\mathrm {{seq}}^{1-1}_n(A)|$ for any infinite set A if ${\mathrm {AC}}_{\leq n}$ is assumed and this assumption cannot be removed. In the other direction, we show that $|\mathrm {{seq}}^{1-1}_n(A)|\leq |\mathcal {S}_{n+1}(A)|$ for any infinite set A and the subscript $n+1$ cannot be reduced to n. Moreover, we also show that “$|\mathcal {S}_n(A)|\leq |\mathcal {S}_{n+1}(A)|$ for any infinite set A” is not provable in ZF.

Larval stage of genus Echinococcus is the causing agent for the zoonotic infection which is life threatening known as Echinococcosis. The purpose of this study was the identification, molecular analysis and characterization of Echinococcus spp. in sheep and cattle. The sampling was done from slaughterhouse of Elazig, Turkey. A total of 85 isolates (sheep, n = 19 and cattle, n = 66) have been collected after slaughtering. Following the gDNA isolation and PCR products of mt-CO1 gene (446 bp) of all the samples were sequenced. Out of 85 isolates, 84 were recognized as Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and one sheep isolate was found as Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7 ) which is identified for the first time in Turkey. However, single nucleotide polymorphism has been observed not only in samples of different animals but also in samples collected from the same cattle. Six liver and three lung hydatid cysts have been detected in cattle. Although no nucleotide differences have been observed in the liver samples, there was single nucleotide polymorphism (C→T) in 40th nucleotide of two lung cysts. As a result of haplotype analysis, 16 haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. were detected in 66 cattle isolates whereas 7 haplotypes of E. granulosus s.s. were identified in 19 sheep samples.

The linear complexity and the error linear complexity are two important security measures for stream ciphers. We construct periodic sequences from function fields and show that the error linear complexity of these periodic sequences is large. We also give a lower bound for the error linear complexity of a class of nonperiodic sequences.

Plasmodium knowlesi has risen in importance as a zoonotic parasite that has been causing regular episodes of malaria throughout South East Asia. The P. knowlesi genome sequence generated in 2008 highlighted and confirmed many similarities and differences in Plasmodium species, including a global view of several multigene families, such as the large SICAvar multigene family encoding the variant antigens known as the schizont-infected cell agglutination proteins. However, repetitive DNA sequences are the bane of any genome project, and this and other Plasmodium genome projects have not been immune to the gaps, rearrangements and other pitfalls created by these genomic features. Today, long-read PacBio and chromatin conformation technologies are overcoming such obstacles. Here, based on the use of these technologies, we present a highly refined de novo P. knowlesi genome sequence of the Pk1(A+) clone. This sequence and annotation, referred to as the ‘MaHPIC Pk genome sequence’, includes manual annotation of the SICAvar gene family with 136 full-length members categorized as type I or II. This sequence provides a framework that will permit a better understanding of the SICAvar repertoire, selective pressures acting on this gene family and mechanisms of antigenic variation in this species and other pathogens.

In this paper we improve the inequalities obtained by Chen in 2009 for the Euler–Mascheroni constant.

The emergence of human and animal rabies in Bali since November 2008 has attracted local, national and international interest. The potential origin and time of introduction of rabies virus to Bali is described. The nucleoprotein (N) gene of rabies virus from dog brain and human clinical specimens was sequenced using an automated DNA sequencer. Phylogenetic inference with Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis using the Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis by Sampling Trees (BEAST) v. 1.7.5 software confirmed that the outbreak of rabies in Bali was caused by an Indonesian lineage virus following a single introduction. The ancestor of Bali viruses was the descendant of a virus from Kalimantan. Contact tracing showed that the event most likely occurred in early 2008. The introduction of rabies into a large unvaccinated dog population in Bali clearly demonstrates the risk of disease transmission for government agencies and should lead to an increased preparedness and efforts for sustained risk reduction to prevent such events from occurring in future.

Beneath the familiar surface of the Orion Nebula is a spectacular molecular hydrogen outflow from a young stellar object, of very unusual morphology. In this paper I briefly discuss this outflow, its possible origins, and its interaction with the Nebula.

Conditions are established for the sequence of differences $\{a_n-a_{n-1}\}$ of a bounded sequence $\{a_n\}$ of complex terms to converge to zero when a certain linear nonhomogeneous difference expression of the form $k_0 a_n+k_1a_{n-1}+\cdots +k_na_0$tends to zero as$n\to \infty .$