Caring for a loved one with an eating disorder typically comes with a multitude of challenges, yet siblings and partners are often overlooked. It is important to understand if current clinical guidance for supporting carers are effective and being utilised for these groups, to help meet their needs.

To identify the experiential perspectives of siblings and partners of a loved one with an eating disorder compared with guidance for improving the adequacy of support provided to carers published by Beat and Academy for Eating Disorders.

Three online focus groups were held for ten siblings and five partners from across the UK (12 females and three males). Carers had experience of caring for a loved one with anorexia nervosa (13 carers) or bulimia nervosa (two carers), across a range of therapeutic settings. Focus group transcriptions were analysed with thematic analysis.

Four key themes were identified: (a) role-specific needs, (b) challenges encountered by siblings and partners, (c) generic needs and helpful strategies or approaches, and (d) accounts of service provision and family support.

Overall, the majority of experiences reported by siblings and partners did not meet the published guidance. Consequently, clinical practice recommendations were identified for services, alongside the charity sector, to take a proactive approach in detecting difficulties, providing skills training and emotional/practical support, adapting/tailoring peer support groups and supporting online facilitation. Our findings part-informed the design of our national online survey on loved ones’ experiences of care in eating disorders.

Since 2012 England has seen year-on-year reductions in people accessing specialist community alcohol treatment, and year-on-year increases in alcohol-related hospital admissions.

We examined perceived barriers to accessing specialist treatment, and perceived reasons behind hospital admission increases.

We conducted focus groups (n = 4) with service users and semi-structured interviews (n = 16) with service providers and service commissioners at four specialist community alcohol services in England, which experience either high or low rates of alcohol dependence prevalence and treatment access. Themes and subthemes were generated deductively drawing upon Rhodes’ risk environment thesis. Data were organised using the framework approach.

Data reveal a treatment sector profoundly affected at all levels by changes implemented in the Health and Social Care Act (HSCA) 2012. Substantial barriers to access exist, even in services with high access rates. Concerns regarding funding cuts and recommissioning processes are at the forefront of providers’ and commissioners’ minds. The lack of cohesion between community and hospital alcohol services, where hospital services exist, has potentially created an environment enabling the reduced numbers of people accessing specialist treatment.

Our study reveals a treatment sector struggling with a multitude of problems; these pervade despite enaction of the HSCA, and are present at the national, service provider and individual service level. Although we acknowledge the problems are varied and multifaceted, their existence is echoed by the united voices of service users, service providers and service commissioners.

Characterised by its population density, cultural and ethnic diversity, familial fragmentation and high levels of HIV/AIDS, crime and homelessness, Paris poses specific problems with regard to mental healthcare.

Epidemiological studies show high rates of generalised anxiety and drug and alcohol abuse and dependence, greater use ofpsychoactive medication and, at the same time, apprehension about looking after mentally ill family members at home.

Although the Greater Paris area has a much higher density of GPs and specialists than the national mean, there are considerable variations within the region itself, with the central area having up to four times as many GPs or psychiatrists as the outer suburbs. On the other hand, although the number of mental health medical acts and the number of people receiving mental health care have been rising dramatically over the last 15 years, Paris has considerably less adult psychiatry beds and day care places per head of population than the rest of France.

Current planning targets include a more equitable distribution of mental health care service provision for the rapidly evolving urban population, early prevention of psycho-affective disorders, suicide and drug and alcohol misuse and the creation of low threshold services for adolescents in difficulty.

To describe principles and characteristics of mental health care in Rome.

Based on existing data, service provision, number of professionals working in services, funding arrangements, pathways tocare, user/carer involvement and specific issues are reported.

After the Italian psychiatric reform of 1978, an extensive network of community-based services has been set up in Romeproviding prevention, care and rehabilitation in mental health. A number of small public acute/emergency inpatient units inside general hospitals was created (median length of stay in 2002 = 8 days) to accomplish the shift from a hospital-based to a community-based psychiatric system of care. Some private structures provide inpatient assistance for less acute conditions (median length of stay in 2002 = 28 days), whilst the large Roman psychiatric hospital was closed in 1999.

Whilst various issues of mental health care in Rome overlap with those in other European capitals, there also are some specific problems and features. During the last two decades, the mental health system in Rome has been successfully converted to a community-based one. Present issues concern a qualitative approach, with an increasing need to foresee adequate evaluation, especially considering mental health patients' satisfaction with services and economic outcomes.

To describe principles and characteristics of mental health care in Madrid.

Based on existing data, service provision, number of professionals working in services, funding arrangements, pathways intocare, user/carer involvement and specific issues are reported.

In Madrid, mental health services are organized into 11 zones/areas, divided into 36 districts, where there is a mental healthoutpatient service with a multi-disciplinary team. Home treatment and psychosocial rehabilitation services have been developed. Specialist programmes exist for vulnerable client groups, including Children and Adolescents, Addiction/Alcohol and Older People. The Madrid Mental Health Plan (2003–2008) is regarded as the key driver in implementing service improvement and increased mental health and well-being in Madrid. It has a meant global budget increase of more than 10% for mental health services. Results of the first 2 years are: an increase in mental health staff employed (17%), four new hospitalization units, 50% increase in places for children and adolescents Day Hospitals, 62 new beds in long care residential units, development of specific programmes for the homeless and gender-based violence, a significant investment in information systems (450 new computers) and development of best practice and operational guidelines. Mental health system was put to the test with Madrid's March 11th terrorist attack. A Special Mental Health Plan for Affected people was developed.

Unlike some European countries, public mental health service is the main heath care provider. There are no voluntary agenciescollaborating with mental health care. Continuity of care and coordination between all mental health resources is essential in service delivery. Increased demand of care for minor psychiatric disorders, children and adolescent mental health care, and implementation of rehabilitation and residential facilities for chronic patients are outstanding challenges similar to those in other European capitals. Overall, the mental health system had successfully coped with last year's increased care demand after March 11th terrorist attack in Madrid.

To describe principles and characteristics of mental health care in London.

Based on existing data, service provision, number of professionals working in services, funding arrangements, pathways intocare, user/carer involvement and specific issues are reported.

London experiences high levels of need and use of mental health services compared to England as a whole. Inpatient andcompulsory admissions are considerably higher than the national average. Despite having more psychiatric beds and mental health staff, London has higher bed occupancy rates and staffing shortages. At the same time there is a trend away from institutionalised care to care in the community.

Mental health services in the UK are undergoing considerable reform. These changes will not remove the greater need formental health services in the capital, but national policy and funding lends support to cross-agency and pan-London work to tackle some of the problems characteristic of mental health in London. Whilst various issues of mental health care in London overlap with those in other European capitals, there also are some specific problems and features.

To provide information on the mental health care system in Berlin, Germany.

Using available data we report on the spectrum of mental health care services provided in Berlin, the number of professionalsworking in these sectors, funding arrangements, pathways into care, and user/carer involvement.

The health care system in Berlin consists of a network of inpatient, outpatient, ancillary, and rehabilitative facilities, all of which are meant to work in a synergistic fashion. However, although the individual treatment options are generally well-planned, there is still a lack of co-ordination between them. Currently, the entire network is threatened by cuts in state funding for ancillary and rehabilitative services, by further reductions in the number of hospital beds, and by insurance company cuts in prescription drug budgets, such as those used for atypical antipsychotics in outpatient care.

Despite many similarities with the situation in other European capitals, the system of mental health care in Berlin suffersfrom a variety of problems related to co-ordination and costs that are unique to the German capital.

To describe principles and characteristics of mental health care in Prague.

Based on existing data, service provision, number of professionals working in services, funding arrangements, pathways intocare, user/carer involvement and specific issues are reported.

Mental health care in Prague has a special position in the Czech Republic. Prague has the longest tradition of psychiatrictreatment including the German Psychiatric Department of the Charles University. The density of services is higher, there are more extrainstitutional facilities and acute beds are located in general hospitals.

Whilst various issues of mental health care in Prague overlap with those in other European capitals, there also are some specific problems and features. After substantial political changes in early 90s, the prevailing institutional model of psychiatric care has started to be changed according to the Concept of Psychiatric Care prepared by the Czech Psychiatric Association and approved by the Ministry of Health. However, stigma connected with mental disturbances is still present and there are not enough financial resources and will to put these plans rapidly into the practice.

To describe principles and characteristics of mental health care in Belgrade.

Based on existing data, service provision, number of professionals working in services, funding arrangements, pathways intocare, user/carer involvement and specific issues are reported.

Disastrous events in the country and the region caused an increase of mental and behavioral disorders for 13.5% in the last few years, thus making them the second largest public health problem (after cerebro-vascular diseases). The overall morbidity and mortality are on the rise. Intense acute and chronic stress, as well as the accumulated traumas caused significant psychological sequelae, especially to vulnerable people.

Whilst various issues of mental health care in Belgrade overlap with those in other European capitals, there are also some specific problems and features. Due to prolonged adversities, the health system has deteriorated and is facing specific challenges. However, the transformation of mental health services has been initiated, with a lot of positive movements, such as preparation of the National policy for mental health care as well as the Law for protection of mentally ill individuals.