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9 results

  • Chapter 2 - The Chinese Language and Writing System

  • Erik D. Reichle, Macquarie University, Sydney, Lili Yu, Macquarie University, Sydney
  • Book:
    The Psychology of Reading
    Published online:
    04 January 2024
    Print publication:
    18 January 2024, pp 21-45

  • Summary

    provides an overview of the Chinese language and its many dialects and how they differ from other Asiatic languages (e.g., Japanese). The chapter then reviews the origins and evolution of the Chinese writing system. The chapter closes with an overview of the modern Chinese writing system and its conventions, including points of difference with other writing systems (e.g., alphabetic scripts like English) and examples of how words can be decomposed into characters, radicals, and strokes.

  • Hemispheric Differences in Self-evaluation Errors of Upper Extremity Movement in Patients with Chronic Stroke

  • Sola Choi, Jongim Won, Kyuenam Park, Sujin Kim
  • Journal:
    Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue 1 / January 2023
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 January 2022, pp. 59-67
    • Article
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      • Open access
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  • Objective:

    There is growing evidence that the side of brain lesions results in distinct upper extremity deficits in motor control, movement behavior, and emotional and cognitive function poststroke. We investigated self-evaluation errors, which are the differences in scores between patient self-evaluation and clinician evaluations, and compared patients with left hemisphere damage (LHD) and right hemisphere damage (RHD) poststroke.

    Method:

    Twenty-eight patients with chronic stroke (LHD = 16) performed the actual amount of the test twice with a one-week interval. We videotaped the participants' movements, and participants with stroke and evaluators graded the quality of movement scores by watching video recordings.

    Results:

    Self-evaluation errors were significantly lower in patients with LHD than in those with RHD (t = 2.350, p = .019). Interestingly, this error did not change after the clinician provided the correct score as feedback. Chi-squared analysis revealed that more patients with LHD underestimated their movements (χ2 = 9.049, p = .002), while more patients with RHD overestimated (χ2 = 7.429, p = .006) in the send evaluation. Furthermore, there were no correlations between self-evaluation error and age, cognitive function, physical impairment, ability to control emotions, or onset months poststroke.

    Conclusions:

    Patients with stroke and therapists evaluated the same movements differently, and this can be dependent on hemispheric damage. Therapists might need to encourage patients with LHD who underestimate their movement to ensure continuous use of their more-affected arm. Patients with RHD who overestimate their movement might need treatment to overcome impaired self-awareness, such as video recordings, to protect from unexpected dangerous situations.

  • 29 - CEREBRAL CAVERNOUS MALFORMATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTAL VENOUS ANOMALIES

  • from PART II: - HEREDITARY AND GENETIC CONDITIONS AND MALFORMATIONS
  • Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Julien Bogousslavsky
  • Book:
    Uncommon Causes of Stroke
    Published online:
    06 January 2010
    Print publication:
    09 October 2008, pp 189-220

  • Summary

    Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is an inherited connective tissue disorder, characterized predominantly by skin, eye, cardiac, and vascular abnormalities. The genetic defect has been mapped to the ABCC6 gene on chromosome 16. The most characteristic and diagnostic feature of PXE is the angioid streaks found in the retina. The streaks are red-brown or gray, are usually wider than veins, and radiate from the optic disc. Abdominal angina and ischemic bowel disease occasionally develop. Hypertension is also very common in patients with PXE and often contributes to the cardiac and cerebrovascular pathology leading to strokes. Premature occlusive cervicocranial disease and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage are the two cerebrovascular problems directly attributable to PXE. It is difficult in patients with Binswanger-like abnormalities, PXE, and hypertension to know how much of the abnormalities, if any, relate directly to PXE and how much are attributable to the hypertension.

  • 52 - STROKE IN PATIENTS WHO HAVE INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

  • from PART V: - SYSTEMIC DISORDERS THAT ALSO INVOLVE THE CEREBROVASCULAR SYSTEM
  • Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Julien Bogousslavsky
  • Book:
    Uncommon Causes of Stroke
    Published online:
    06 January 2010
    Print publication:
    09 October 2008, pp 381-386

  • Summary

    Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), the most common vasculitis that affects children, is an acute, small-vessel leukocytoclastic process. HSP is a systemic vasculitis involving vascular wall deposits of predominantly immunoglobulin (Ig) A within the small vessels of the gut, skin, joints, and kidneys, and in the mesangium of the renal glomeruli. The most frequent laboratory abnormalities are high erythrocyte sedimentation rates, microscopic hematuria, proteinuria, and elevated levels of IgA. HSP is known to cause neurological complications including seizure, chorea, encephalopathy, focal neurological signs, cortical blindness, as well as cranial and peripheral neuropathies and intracerebral hemorrhage. Ischemic infarction and strokes also occur in HSP. Pulse steroids have been shown to be effective, but sometimes plasmapheresis has been used to arrest disease progressio. Patients with severe nephritis, especially with the nephritic syndrome, have often been treated with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, or azathioprine.

  • 66 - CEREBRAL VENOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS

  • from PART VII: - VENOUS OCCLUSIVE CONDITIONS
  • Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Julien Bogousslavsky
  • Book:
    Uncommon Causes of Stroke
    Published online:
    06 January 2010
    Print publication:
    09 October 2008, pp 497-504

  • Summary

    The epidermal nevus syndrome refers to the association of any epidermal nevus with extracutaneous abnormalities. The most common extracutaneous abnormalities are neurologic, skeletal, and ocular, although other organs may also be involved. Widespread use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has resulted in an increasing appreciation of the role of cortical malformations in patients with neurological symptoms. Strokes and vascular abnormalities have been reported in patients with the epidermal nevus syndrome. Arteriovenous malformations and leptomeningeal angiomas have been found in some patients with the epidermal nevus syndrome. Generally, the diagnosis of an epidermal nevus is not in doubt. If there are any doubts, a skin biopsy should be obtained. Treatment of the nevus with dermabrasion, diathermy, laser treatment, and cryotherapy is associated with a fairly high risk of recurrence of the nevus. Focal resection of the epidermal nevus before puberty is advised because of the increased risk of tumor development.

  • 30 - CEREBROVASCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF NEUROFIBROMATOSIS

  • from PART II: - HEREDITARY AND GENETIC CONDITIONS AND MALFORMATIONS
  • Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Julien Bogousslavsky
  • Book:
    Uncommon Causes of Stroke
    Published online:
    06 January 2010
    Print publication:
    09 October 2008, pp 221-224

  • Summary

    This chapter contains detailed, up-to-date information about the nature, diagnosis, and treatment of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) that cause strokes. The EDS are a group of connective tissue diseases classically characterized by fragile or hyperelastic skin, hyperextensible joints, vascular lesions, and easy bruising and excessive scarring after an injury. Numerous mutations of the COL3A1 gene on chromosome 2, including point mutations, exon skipping mutations, and multi-exon deletions, have been attributed to this disease. EDS patients develop arterial dissections. The cerebrovascular complications include intracranial aneurysms, arterial rupture, carotid-cavernous fistulae, and arterial dissections. The intracranial internal carotid artery is the most common site for an aneurysm, and rupture of the internal carotid artery within the cavernous sinus can create a direct carotid-cavernous fistula. The fragile arteries make angiography and surgery difficult, but some patients have had successful surgery or endovascular treatment.

  • 67 - REVERSIBLE CEREBRAL VASOCONSTRICTION SYNDROMES

  • from PART VIII: - VASOSPASTIC CONDITIONS AND OTHER MISCELLANEOUS VASCULOPATHIES
  • Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Julien Bogousslavsky
  • Book:
    Uncommon Causes of Stroke
    Published online:
    06 January 2010
    Print publication:
    09 October 2008, pp 505-514

  • Summary

    Sneddon's syndrome (SS) refers to an infrequent disorder combining skin and ischemic cerebral lesions in patients without a recognizable connective tissue or inflammatory or chronic infectious disease. As a rule, the transient ischemic attacks and strokes are multiple and recurrent in the same or different vascular territories. Both cortical and subcortical areas in the anterior and posterior circulation can be affected, but the most common lesions leading to progressive clinical disability are white matter abnormalities and lacunar infarcts. A large retrospective study on the anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome demonstrated that treatment with high-intensity warfarin (producing an international normalized ratio [INR] of >3) with or without low-dose aspirin (75 mg/day) is significantly more effective than treatment with low-intensity warfarin (producing an INR of <3) with or without treatment with low-dose aspirin or treatment with aspirin alone in preventing further thrombotic events.

  • 38 - ANTI-PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY SYNDROME

  • from PART IV: - DISORDERS INVOLVING ABNORMAL COAGULATION
  • Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Julien Bogousslavsky
  • Book:
    Uncommon Causes of Stroke
    Published online:
    06 January 2010
    Print publication:
    09 October 2008, pp 263-274

  • Summary

    Neurofibromatosis (NF) is an autosomal dominant disorder encompassing several distinct genetic defects with overlapping clinical features. This chapter focuses on the main genetic, clinical, pathological, and radiological features of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). The cerebrovascular manifestations of NF1 include cerebral ischemia, intracranial hematoma, and subarachnoidal hemorrhage. Recurrent strokes can occur in the same or in different territories. Every large or medium-sized artery can be affected, and some patients have multiple stenoses of intracranial vessels combined with stenoses or occlusion of extracranial vessel. Hemispheric territorial infarction is a common stroke manifestation. Ocular involvement may present with retinal ischemia or global ocular ischemia. Angiography, time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF-MRA) and Color duplex and spectral Doppler ultrasonography are useful diagnostic modalities for revealing the vascular complications of NF1. Neurosurgical revascularization in patients with moyamoya syndrome has been shown to reduce the risk of first-ever and recurrent stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA).

  • 39 - MRI of the Brain

  • from PART IV - MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
  • Edited by J. Christian Fox, University of California, Irvine
  • Book:
    Clinical Emergency Radiology
    Published online:
    07 December 2009
    Print publication:
    29 September 2008, pp 521-537

  • Summary

    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents a breakthrough in medical diagnostics and research, and is becoming especially valuable in the evaluation of neurological and musculoskeletal pathology. It remains indispensable in the evaluation of brain tumors, strokes, and chronic demyelinating disorders, including multiple sclerosis. The fundamental concept of MRI is based on resonance; specifically, nuclei of certain atoms, most commonly hydrogen atoms, resonate when placed in powerful magnetic fields. A growing area in the emergent setting that uses MRI involves aortic dissection. MRI is superior to computed tomography (CT) in detecting injuries to soft tissues such as the brain and spinal cord. The lack of widespread availability of MRI and the high cost compared to CT scanning make its use limited in the ED. Additionally, the risk of allergic reaction to the contrast agent (gadolinium) does exist in MRI.