This chapter describes the use of neuraxial ultrasound in uncommon axial skeletal conditions that the clinician occasionally faces in the labor and delivery suite. For each condition we outline whether subspecialty consultation and lumbosacral spine imaging are needed before spine ultrasound scanning and performing neuraxial blocks. We selected certain disorders and syndromes where spine ultrasound scanning has been a useful tool in facilitating the success of labor analgesia and cesarean neuraxial anesthesia.

In this chapter, the critical pediatric topics of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula are reviewed. The diagnosis and pathophysiology and variants of tracheoesophageal fistula are discussed.The author covers the associated anomalies and syndromes often present in patients with tracheoesophageal fistula diagnoses. The preoperative evaluation, anesthetic implications and regional anesthetic considerations are presented.

This chapter reviews the incidence, presentation and types of ventricular septal defects. The pathophysiology and hemodynamic effects of atrial ventricular defects are discussed. The surgical based interventions are reviewed in relation to the anesthetic considerations.