War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Defence of superior order — Unlawful seizure of aircraft — Accused claiming to have acted as a soldier — Whether entitled to plead superior order — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — Unlawful seizure of aircraf — Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 1970 — Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1971 — Presence of accused in the Nether lands as basis of exercise of jurisdiction — Defence of superior orders and acting under duress — The law of the Netherlands

State responsibility — Claims — In general — Victim of Nazi persecution — Foreign national — Reparations claim — Lack of diplomatic relations between State of domicile and Federal Republic of Germany — Whether bar to claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956, as amended — Whether such bar contrary to international law — Protection of State interests — Principle of equality — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Compensation and reparation — Victims of Nazi persecution — Reparations claim — Foreign national — Lack of diplomatic relations between State of domicile and Federal Republic of Germany — Bar to claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956, as amendedWhether contrary to intemational law — Principle of equality — Legitimate protection of State interests — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Plea of non-discrimination — Victim of Nazi persecution in Germany — Claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956 — Entitlement of aliens to compensation conditional upon existence of diplomatic relations between Federal Republic of Germany and State of domicile — Whether contrary to international law — Legitimate protection of State interests — Principle of equality — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of — Double criminality — Non-expiry of period of limitation for prosecution — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Extradition — Political crimes — Definition — Extradition of German SS Officer accused of war crimes — Whether mass executions of unarmed civilians constitute political crimes — The law of Switzerland

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Reprisals — Legitimate reprisals under international law Requirement of proportionality — Mass executions of unarmed civilians — The law of Switzerland

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Punishment of war crimes and crimes against humanity — Defence of superior orders — Extradition of German war criminal — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Extradition — Procedure of — Role of courts in examining extradition request — Whether able to take account of defences or alibis of accused — Conditions of extradition — Double criminality — Non-expiry of period of limitation for prosecution — Extradition of German SS Officer accused of war crimes — Whether mass executions of unarmed civilians constitute political crimes — Whether permissible under international law as legitimate reprisals in wartime — Requirement of proportionality — Defence of superior orders — The law of Switzerland

International law in general — Sources — Judicial interpretation — Uniformity and universality — Definition of political offence as exception to extradition — Whether a rule of international law — The law of Sudan

International law in general — International comity — Extradition — Extradition Political offence exception — Whether granted as a matter of comity in practice between State — Whether a rule of international law — The law of Sudan

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Extradition — Whether courts of requesting State can question extradition order of extraditing State — The law of Sudan

War and neutrality — War in general — Definition and technical meaning of war — Meaning of term “waging war” — The law of Sudan

The individual in international law — Extradition — Political crimes — Exception to extradition — Whether granted as a matter of comity in practice between States — Sources of international law — Whether a rule of international law — Definition of political offence — Judicial interpretation — Uniformity and universality — Uganda-Sudan Extradition Treaty — Territorial jurisdiction — Whether courts of requesting State can question extradition order of extraditing State — War — Meaning of term “waging war” — Mercenary — Definition — The law of Sudan

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Punishment of war crimes and crimes against humanity — London Charter of International Military Tribunal, 1945, Article 6 (b) and (c) — Crimes against humanity — Definition — Dutch Decree establishing Extraordinary Penal Provisions 1943–71 — Dutch national accused of voluntarily participating in commission of war crimes by German SS in Poland

Jurisdiction — Personal — Over nationals for crimes committed abroad — Whether nationality of accused at time of commission of offences decisive — Statutory limitation of prosecution — Whether applicable — Relevance of possible illegalities in extradition procedure — The principle ne bis in idem

Human rights — Renewed criminal proceedings — Whether barred by ministerial undertaking to desist from prosecution given 24 years earlier — Due process — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(1) — Right to hearing within a reasonable time “in determination of any criminal charge” — Right to independent and impartial tribunal — Relevance of possibility that judicial decisions might be influenced by Government report — Purpose of punishment — Whether length of time since offence committed relevant in determining appropriate sentence — Advanced age and fragile health of accused — Whether sentence to 10 years' imprisonment violates Article 3 of Convention — The law of the Netherlands

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Multilateral treat — Incorporation into domestic law — Convention on Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927 — Arbitration Act 1930 — Orders in Council — Continuance in force under Arbitration Act 1950 — The law of Scotland

States as international persons — In general — Continuity of States — Whether affected by replacement of monarchy with republican constitution — The law of Scotland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Peace Treaty with Romania, 1947 — Article 10 — Reference to bilateral treaties — Whether applicable to multilateral treaties — The law of Scotland

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On treaties — Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927 — Continuity of treaty relations despite territorial and constitutional changes — Treaty of Peace with Romania, 1947 — The law of Scotland

Treaties — Termination of — By operation of law — Outbreak of war — Effect on pre-war treaties and Orders in Council — Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927 — Contractual dispute — Reference to foreign arbitration — Enforcement of award — Post-war requirement of notification to revive bilateral treaties — Whether applicable to multilateral treaties — Treaty of Peace with Romania, 1947 — Survival of multilateral treaties in the event of outbreak of war — Survival despite internal constitutional change — Cession of territory — Internal constitutional change — Effects on continuance in force of treaty obligations — Arbitration Act 1950 — The law of Scotland

War and neutrality — War in general — Definition and technical meaning of war — Guerilla fighters and other irregular resistance movements — Geneva Conventions on the Rules of War, 1949 — Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 — Whether Red Army Faction waging class war against Federal Republic of Germany so as to give members protection under Geneva Conventions — Whether alleged offences constituting criminal offences for purposes of the law of war — The law of the Netherlands

Treaties — Termination of — By operation of law — Outbreak of war — Second World War — Survival of treaties between the Netherlands and Germany — Re-activation of treaties following exchanges of notes in 1956 and 1961 — Legal effects of exchange of notes — The law of the Netherlands

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On treaties — Whether treaty between the Netherlands and Germany survived Second World War — Re-activation following Exchanges of Notes in 1956 and 1961 — Legal effects of Exchange of Notes — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — State succession — In matters of extradition — International legal assistance in respect of fiscal offences — Netherlands-Germany Extradition Treaty, 1896 — Termination of Treaty as a result of Second World War — Re-activation of Treaty following Exchanges of Notes in 1956 and 1961 — Legal effects of Exchange of Notes — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — Nationality — As determining the right of protection of citizens abroad — Victim of Nazi persecution in occupied France — Lack of national State to provide protection — Qualifying condition under Federal Compensation Law 1956, Article 160 — Duty to provide protection incumbent upon State of nationality at time of injury — Person mistakenly treated as French national — Whether entitled to claim compensation — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Protection by the national State — Lack of national State to provide protection — Qualifying condition for reparations claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956, Article 160 — Victim of Nazi persecution — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Compensation and reparation — Victim of Nazi persecution Reparations claim — Lack of national State to provide protection — Qualifying condition for claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956, Article 160 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Status of — Whether may be granted to person mistakenly treated as national of receiving State — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1 E — Victim of Nazi persecution — Lack of national State to provide protection — Qualifying condition for reparations claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956, Article 160 — Duty to provide protection incumbent upon State of nationality at time of injury — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — War crimes — Dutch Decree establishing Extraordinary Penal Provisions 1943–71 — Dutch Penal Code — Whether nationality of accused at time of commission of offences decisive — The law of the Netherlands

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Punishment of war crimes and crimes against humanity — London Charter of International Military Tribunal, 1945, Article 6(b) and (c) — Dutch Decree establishing Extraordinary Penal Provisions, 1943–71 — Personal jurisdiction over nationals for crimes committed abroad — Dutch national enlisting in Waffen-SS — Whether nationality at time of commission of offences decisive — The law of the Netherlands

States as intemational persons — In general — Extinction of States — Effect on nationality — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

States as international persons — Succession of governments — In general — Effect on nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State territory — In general — Effects of changes of sovereignty — On nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — In general Claim for unjust enrichment — Continuity of nationality of ownership of claim — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

The individual in international law — Nationality — Acquisition of — Nationality as affected by change of sovereignty — Conditions for acquisition of nationality — Whether governed by international law or a matter for State discretion — Changes in sovereignty over State territory — Effect on nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany Seep. 435 (Russian Nobleman Nationality Case).

The individual in international law — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 12 (2) — Whether has retroactive effect on rights acquired under old personal status — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Whether has retroactive application — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Presumed intention of the parties — Policy considerations — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Whether has retroactive application — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War and neutrality — Warfare on land — Occupation of enemy territory — Nature and effects of the occupation — Extent of legislative power of occupying State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — Expatriation Loss of Nationality — Emigration — Whether automatically results in loss of nationality — Conditions for acquisition and loss of nationality — Whether governed by international law or State discretion — Succession of governments — Russian Revolution, 1917 — Effect on nationality — Changes in sovereignty over State territory and extinction of States — Effect on nationality — Russian citizen abroad — Whether affected by Soviet decree abolishing nobility — Personal and territorial jurisdiction — Definition — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 12 (2) — Whether having retroactive effect on acquired rights — Wartime occupation — Extent of legislative power of occupying State — Principle of good faith Applicability to measures enacted during occupation — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Interpretation of international conventions involving questions of international public policy — Whether a matter for the Executive or the courts — The law of France

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Effect under municipal law — Punishment of crimes against humanity — Whether persons prosecuted for such crimes entitled to benefit from principles of non-retroactivity of criminal laws and statutorylimitation of prosecution — Articles 7(2) and 60 of Convention — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Effect under municipal law following ratification and publication — The law of France

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Punishment of war crimes and crimes against humanity — Whether principle of the non-retroactivity of criminal laws applies to such crimes — Whether statutory limitation applies to such crimes — Charter of the International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg, 1945, Article 6 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 7(2) and 60 — Interpretation of international conventions involving questions of international public policy — Whether a matter for the courts or the executive — Effect of European Convention under municipal law — The law of France

States as intemational persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Whether English courts obliged to give effect to foreign legislation contrary to international law — English public policy — Law depriving persons of citizenship on racial grounds — National Socialist Decree concerning nationality of expatriate Jews — The law of England

The individual in international law — Nationality — Naturalization — Dual national — Whether affecting foreign nationality — The law of England

Nationality — Double nationality — Acquisition of citizenship by naturalization — Whether entailing loss of foreign nationality — The law of Germany — The law of England

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On enemy subjects with regard to their personal status in the territory of the belligerent — Forfeiture of German nationality — National Socialist Decree 1941 — English law doctrine disregarding changes of status made by enemy State in time of war — Whether applying after end of hostilities — Whether Decree to be recognized by English courts as effective — The law of England

War and neutrality — War in general — Termination of war Meaning of phrase “end of hostilities” — Whether end of fighting or official end of war — The law of England

The individual in international law — Nationality — Expatriation Loss of nationality — Effect of German decree depriving expatriate Jews of German citizenship — Subsequent invalidation by Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Germany — Article 116 (2) of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany 1949 — Effect on nationality of German Jew who had earlier become a British subject by naturalization — Double nationality — Taxation — Federal Republic of Germany — United Kingdom Double Taxation Agreements

Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Whether English courts obliged to give effect to foreign law which was contrary to international law — English public policy — Deprivation of citizenship on racial grounds — Confiscatory legislation

War and neutrality — Enemy character — Individuals — Non — recognition of law passed by enemy State changing individual's status as enemy national — Whether non — recognition continuing after end of war — Whether critical date the end of active hostilities or termination of formal state of war — The law of England

International law in general — Nature and binding force — Freedom of States to derogate from rules of international law in their bilateral relations — Whether derogation from nationality of claims rule by treaty admissible — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Compensation and reparation — Victims of Nazi persecution — France-Federal Republic of Germany Agreement for Global Reparations Payments, 1960 — Provision for Agreement to benefit persons who acquired French nationality subsequent to injury but prior to conclusion of Agreement — Whether permissible derogation from nationality of claims rule under international law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of claims — France-Federal Republic of Germany Agreement for Global Reparations Payments, 1960 — Victims of Nazi persecution — Provision for Agreement to benefit persons who acquired French nationality subsequent to injury but prior to conclusion of Agreement — Whether contrary to nationality of claims rule — Whether international law permits derogation from this rule by treaty — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Implementation of lifelong imprisonment for war criminal — Whether constituting breach of Convention — Relevance of likely effect of release on victims of war crimes — Relevance of advanced age and fragile health — Article 3(2) of Convention — The law of the Netherlands

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Punishment of war crimes and crimes against humanity — Implementation of lifelong imprisonment for war criminal — Whether constitutes breach of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Relevance of likely effect of release on victims of war crimes — Relevance of advanced age and fragile health — Article 3(2) of Convention — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Whether Executive recognized Lebanese conflict as constituting a civil war — Insurance contract — Exemption from liability for loss caused by civil war — Dispute between parties to contract — Whether definition of civil war to be ascertained from Executive certificate — Whether Executive certificate solely relevant in situation where State involved in sovereign diplomatic relations — The law of England

War and neutrality — War in general — Definition and technical meaning of war — Civil war — Proceedings on insurance contract — Exemption from liability for loss caused by civil war — Whether events in the Lebanon constituted “civil war” — Whether same meaning to be attributed to phrase in contract as in public international law — Practice of seeking executive certificate — Whether appropriate in private contractual dispute — Whether solely relevant to situation where United Kingdom's sovereign diplomatic relations involved — The law of England

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Proceedings on insurance contract — Exemption for loss caused by civil war — Whether “civil war” bears same meaning in contractual context as in public international law — Practice of seeking executive certification of recognition of civil war — Whether appropriate where international relations of United Kingdom not involved — Conflict in Lebanon — The law of England

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Confiscation of enemy property during Second World War — Property situated in confiscating State — Whether municipal courts have jurisdiction to examine legality under international law of confiscation by foreign State — Whether retention of confiscated assets following termination of hostilities violates international law — United States Trading with the Enemy Act 1917 — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Respect for property — Expropriation — Wartime confiscation of property of enemy aliens — Whether amounts to permanent deprivation of ownership — Whether retention of confiscated assets following termination of hostilities violates international law — United States Trading with the Enemy Act 1917 — The law of the Netherlands

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On enemy subjects with regard to their property and other rights — United States Trading with the Enemy Act 1917 — Confiscation of enemy property — Property situated in confiscating State — Whether municipal courts have jurisdiction to examine legality under international law of confiscation by foreign State — The law of the Netherlands

War and neutrality — War in general — Enemy character — Of corporations — Control test — United States Trading with the Enemy Act 1917 — The law of the Netherlands

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Compensation and reparation — Right to seize assets of subjects of aggressor State as reparation for war damage — Whether limited by international law to cases where treaty requires national State to compensate its subjects — The law of the Nether lands

i.—Over Territory in general and Persons and Property situated therein. Territorial Limits of Jurisdiction. Expropriation of Alien Property.

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation of alien property — Confiscation of enemy property during Second World War — United States Trading with the Enemy Act 1917 — Property situated in confiscating State — Whether municipal courts have jurisdiction to examine legality under international law of confiscation by foreign State — Whether wartime confiscation amounts to permanent deprivation of ownership — Whether retention of confiscated assets following termination of hostilities violates international law — Right to seize assets of subjects of aggressor State as reparation for war damage — Whether limited by international law to cases where treaty requires national State to compensate its subjects — Enemy character of corporations — Control test — The law of the Netherlands

Conclusiveness of Statements of the Executive States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conclusiveness of statements of the executive — Existence of a state of war — Matter for the executive and not for the courts — Conflict between India and Pakistan — The law of Pakistan

War and neutrality — War in general — Termination of war Declaration of the commencement of war and existence of a state of war — Cessation of hostilities — Declaration of ceasefire in the Security Council of the United Nations — Joint declaration of warring parties acknowledging end of belligerency — Original declaration of war not revoked — Whether war terminated — Whether courts competent to decide the question — Authority competent to do so — Proper procedure when question arises — Enemy subject residing in foreign territory — Whether entitled to institute legal proceedings — The law of Pakistan

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In foreign relations — Slovakia — Establishment in 1939 — Whether a sovereign independent State — Whether responsible under international law for the diplomatic protection of its nationals abroad — Germany — Slovakia Treaty of Protection, 1939 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — Acquisition of — Nationality as affected by change of sovereignty — Germany Slovakia Treaty of Protection, 1939 — Whether acquisition of Slovak nationality under treaty compatible with international law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — As determining the right of protection of citizens abroad — Germany Slovakia Treaty of Protection, 1939 — Whether retroactive acquisition of Slovak nationality under treaty compatible with international law — Whether German Reich or Slovakia under duty to provide diplomatic protection to Slovak nationals abroad — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Compensation and reparation — Person of Jewish descent and German ethnic origin — Emigration from Slovakia to Italy to avoid Nazi persecution — Internment by Italy during Second World War — Whether entitled to compensation from Federal Republic of Germany — Entitlement dependant on loss of German nationality and diplomatic protection of German Reich — Effect of change of sovereignty on nationality — Germany-Slovakia Treaty of Protection, 1939 — Whether retroactive acquisition of Slovak nationality under treaty compatible with international law — Whether German Reich or Slovakia under duty to provide protection to Slovak nationals abroad — Lack of independence of Slovakia — Whether occupying power in wartime under duty to provide protection to nationals of occupied territory abroad — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On treaties — Extent to which declaration of war terminates international conventions as between parties to hostilities — Requirement that hostilities render observance permanently impossible The law of Italy

Treaties — Termination of — By operation of law — Outbreak of war — Extent to which declaration of war terminates international conventions as between parties to hostilities — Requirement that hostilities render observance permanently impossible — Geneva Convention on Commercial Arbitration Clauses, 1923 — The law of Italy