There have been many studies linking falls and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. This article collates those studies, and demonstrates how a community falls service fast-tracked patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo by implementing validated screening tools and recognised guidance.

This study aimed to explore whether routine screening of referrals to a community falls service can identify those with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, for fast-tracked management.

Patients referred to a community falls service were screened for possible benign paroxysmal positional vertigo using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory, and triaged to a physiotherapy-led falls and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo assessment service.

Twenty-five per cent of patients were fast-tracked to a falls and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo assessment service for management. The community falls service waiting list reduced by 25 per cent.

The data support incorporating assessment and treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo into routine practice within all falls services.

A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted of the US Food and Drug Administration's MAUDE (Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience) database, to evaluate the complication profile of cochlear implantation according to manufacturer.

A review of the MAUDE database was conducted from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2020. Complications, including infection, extrusion, facial nerve stimulation, meningitis and cerebrospinal fluid leak, were identified using key word searches. The categorised data were analysed using a chi-square test to determine a difference in global complication incidence between three major cochlear implant manufacturers: manufacturer A (Cochlear Limited), manufacturer B (Med-El) and manufacturer C (Advanced Bionics).

A total of 31 857 adverse events were analysed. Implants of manufacturer C were associated with a statistically higher rate of infection (0.97 per cent), cerebrospinal fluid leak (0.07 per cent), extrusion (0.44 per cent) and facial nerve stimulation (0.11 per cent). Implants of manufacturer B were associated with a statistically higher rate of meningitis (0.07 per cent).

Consideration of patient risk factors along with cochlear implant manufacturers can heighten awareness of cochlear implant complications pre-operatively, intra-operatively and post-operatively.

The 2014 British Thyroid Association guidelines acknowledged the value of risk-stratifying thyroid nodules by utilising an ultrasound reporting system (‘U’ classification). This study assessed whether using pre-existing parameters in combination can better stratify patients’ malignancy and completion thyroidectomy risks.

A multicentre, retrospective, observational review identified 936 NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde patients from pathology records who underwent hemithyroidectomy between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2019.

A total of 308 patients had thyroid malignancy, 180 (58.4 per cent) progressed to completion thyroidectomy. A nodule classified as ‘U3’ (indeterminate) was associated with a 35.4 per cent chance of malignancy and a 21.6 per cent risk of requiring completion surgery. Amalgamation of ‘U’ score with Thy score enhanced risk prediction. The malignancy rate in U3, Thy-3f nodules was 38 per cent, and 21 per cent required completion surgery. The malignancy and completion thyroidectomy rates were comparatively lower for U3, Thy-3a nodules (22 per cent and 14.3 per cent, respectively).

Combining ultrasound ‘U’ score and Thy score improves pre-operative thyroid nodule risk stratification, leading to better informed patients regarding the risks of malignancy and completion surgery. A move towards an integrated assessment approach should be considered.

Epistaxis is a common emergency presentation to ENT. The ‘Epistaxis 2016: national audit of management’ collected prospective data over a 30-day audit window in 113 centres. A 30-day all-cause mortality rate of 3.4 per cent was identified. This study examines in more detail the subgroup of patients who died during the audit period.

There were 985 eligible patients identified. Of these, 33 patients died within the audit period. World Health Organization bleeding score, Modified Early Warning System score, haemostasis time, source of referral, co-morbidities and cause of death were investigated from the dataset.

Patients who died were more likely to come from a ward environment, have co-existing cardiovascular disease, diabetes or a bleeding diathesis, be on antithrombotic medication, or have received a blood transfusion. Patients did not die from exsanguination.

Epistaxis may be seen as a general marker of poor health and a poor prognostic sign.

To improve the medical waste management (MWM) standards in Tabriz community health centers (CHCs) through clinical audit process.

Management of medical waste is not only a legally necessity but also a social responsibility in health systems. Owing to the potential risks for human health and environmental impacts, MWM is a global concern.

This was an interventional research designed using clinical audit cycle that was implemented in Tabriz CHCs in 2016. MWM was assessed through observation, as well as reviewing relevant documents and interviews with waste workers in CHCs and completion of a researcher-made checklist. Intervention plans were developed and implemented based on the assessment results. To analyze the data, Excel 2016 software was used and information was reported as descriptive statistics through comparison of standards adherence before and after the interventions.

Generally, 30% improvements in MWM standards adherence were experienced (45.8–75.1%) in the CHCs, after the interventions. The greatest improvement was observed in the dimensions of management and education, and separation and collection of medical waste, up to 30 and 28.5%, respectively.

As the results demonstrated, standards of MWM processes were improved in Tabriz CHCs, due to the intervention. Moreover, it was experienced that using systematic method, stakeholders’ participation and evidence-based planning would lead to process improvement. MWM was an ignored issue in primary care that must be more in attention.

Clinical handover by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) staff, as the first people who have contact with trauma patients, in the emergency department (ED), is very important. Therefore, effective communication to transfer clinical information about patients in a concise, rational, clear, and time-bound manner is essential. In Iran, the transfer of necessary information in clinical handover in EDs was carried out orally and without following standard instructions. This study aimed to audit the current clinical handover according to the Identify, Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation (ISBAR) tool and survey the effect of training the ISBAR tool to Emergency Medicine Assistants (EMAs) and EMS staff on improvement of the clinical handover of patients to the ED.

This is a clinical audit study in three phases in Imam Hossein Hospital (Tehran, Iran) during 2016. In the first phase, the clinical handover between EMS staff and EMAs for 178 trauma patients admitted to the ED using ISBAR was audited and information was recorded. In the second phase, the correct approach of clinical handover according to the ISBAR tool was taught to EMS staff and EMAs using pamphlets and lectures. In the third phase, again, the clinical handover between EMS staff and EMAs for 168 trauma patients admitted to the ED was audited using the ISBAR tool and information was recorded. At the end, clinical audit assessment indicators of handover were evaluated before and after training.

Clinical audit of the current situation in the ED showed that the clinical handover process does not follow standard ISBAR (0.0%). However, after training, 65.3% of clinical handover processes were performed in accordance with ISBAR. In the current study, there was an increase in all parameters of the ISBAR tool after training, most of which increased significantly compared to the first phase of the study (before the intervention).

Findings demonstrate that patient handover in the ED did not initially follow the ISBAR standard guideline. After providing education as pamphlets and lectures to EMS staff and EMAs, a high percentage of patient handovers were conducted in accordance with the ISBAR instructions.

Fahim YeganeSA, ShahramiA, HatamabadiHR, Hosseini-ZijoudSM. Clinical Information Transfer between EMS Staff and Emergency Medicine Assistants during Handover of Trauma Patients. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(5):541–547.

Clinical audit is an important component of safe and ethical practice but many clinicians cite barriers to engagement in audit.

A total of 81 basic specialist trainees in psychiatry were surveyed in terms of their basic demographic details and their knowledge, direct experience and attitudes in relation to clinical audit.

Among the 49 (60.5%) who responded, 57.1% had received formal training in audit, but only 20.4% had received more than four hours of training in their whole career. The median positivity score was 30 out of a possible 54 (range 12–40), suggesting that participating trainees were barely more than ‘undecided’ overall when it comes to positive attitudes to clinical audit. Age, nationality and specific training did not predict attitudes to clinical audit. Gender, years of clinical experience and direct experience of clinical audit did not significantly predict attitudes to clinical audit, but these findings are at odds with some previous research.

Much work is needed in improving postgraduate trainees’ attitudes to clinical audit, given that clinical audit is essential for good medical practice. Ours is an initial study of this area of training limited by sample size and the narrowness of the group tested. Further study of other specialities, higher trainees and consultant trainers would further enhance our understanding.

To investigate variations in the management and outcomes of peritonsillarabscesses, and to develop a trainee collaborative network in the UK.

Data were collected prospectively on suspected peritonsillar abscess casespresenting over a 2-month period at 42 participating secondary care centres,covering a population of 16 million. The primary outcome was an adverseevent at 30 days, defined as re-presentation or re-drainage.

Eighteen per cent of the 325 cases experienced an adverse event. Follow-updata were valid for 90 per cent of cases. Regression analyses showed asignificant reduction in adverse events in the 12 per cent of patients whowere discharged within 12 hours, and there was no significant increase inadverse events for the 70 per cent receiving corticosteroids.

Out-patient management of peritonsillar abscess is not commonly practised inthe UK. Corticosteroid usage is common and appears safe. This studydemonstrates that trainees working in collaboration can effectively deliverprospective multicentre cohort studies in the UK.

To examine the impact of a change in local prescribing policy on the adherence to evidence-based prescribing guidelines for antipsychotic medication in a general adult psychiatric hospital.

All adult in-patients had their clinical record and medication sheet reviewed. Antipsychotic prescribed, dose prescribed and documented indications for prescribing were recorded. This was done before and after the implementation of the change in hospital antipsychotic prescribing policy.

There were no significant differences in age, sex, Mental Health Act status, psychiatric diagnosis or documented indications for prescribing multiple or high dose antipsychotics between the two groups. There was an increase in the preferential prescribing of multiple second-generation antipsychotics (p=0.01) in the context of a significant reduction in the prescribing of multiple antipsychotics overall (p=0.02). There were no significant reductions in prescribing of mixed generations of antipsychotics (p=0.12), high dose antipsychotics (p=1.00) or as required (PRN) antipsychotics (p=0.74).

Changes in local prescribing policy can improve adherence to quality prescribing guidelines and cause clinically significant improvements in patterns of prescribing in a general adult psychiatric hospital.

Radiologists require accurate clinical information to formulate reports. This is particularly relevant to computed tomography of the temporal bone, in which previous surgery can mimic disease.

The information provided with temporal bone computed tomography scan requests was evaluated. The study aimed to minimise inappropriate requests and improve the clinical value of reports.

A two-cycle prospective audit was undertaken using a proforma designed on the basis of national guidelines. Following the first cycle (in which the requests and reports of 100 scans were evaluated), new guidelines and training were implemented. A follow-up audit (of 50 scans) was then performed.

Following intervention, the percentage of clinically relevant reports increased from 52 to 94 (p < 0.01), whilst unnecessary or inappropriate scan requests decreased from 11 to 2 per cent (p < 0.05).

Optimising the clinical value of temporal bone computed tomography scan requests will have positive implications for patient care, time management and cost. The quality of the clinical information provided can have a significant impact on the clinical value of radiology reports, and can mean that unnecessary irradiation is avoided.

Patients with enlarged lymph nodes present to a number of different specialties and diagnosis is often made following a biopsy.

This study aimed to establish department waiting times for cervical lymph node biopsy, and compare these to the cancer services guidelines.

A retrospective audit was carried out to record patient waiting times (defined as the number of days from referral to biopsy) between May and December 2010. A proforma for referral was introduced. In addition, appointments for biopsies were arranged by a co-ordinator. A prospective re-audit was carried out from March to September 2011.

The first audit showed that national guidelines were not met; there was a median waiting time of 74 days (interquartile range, 47–113). Re-audit demonstrated a significant reduction in waiting times using the proforma; the median waiting time had decreased to 18 days (interquartile range, 9–22).

A proforma for lymph node biopsy and a designated co-ordinator streamlined the service, significantly reducing waiting times. Together, these can aid referral for meeting guidelines and improve patient care.

There is currently little published guidance on the management of anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication in patients admitted with epistaxis. The routine practice of withholding such medication in an attempt to control the epistaxis is common in the UK. However, this practice is not evidence-based, is often unnecessary, and can be associated with significant morbidity. This study introduces a treatment algorithm for oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy in epistaxis patients, validated through a completed audit cycle.

One hundred patients admitted with epistaxis to the University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust were studied via a two-audit cycle covering the implementation of a new treatment algorithm formulated jointly by the otolaryngology and haematology departments.

On admission, 58 per cent of patients were taking some form of anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication. The number of patients having such medication withheld decreased significantly between the two audits, for all drugs studied (i.e. aspirin, clopidogrel and warfarin). There was no significant increase in re-bleeding or re-admission rates between the audits.

Implementation of this treatment algorithm would help standardise management for epistaxis patients taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs, and should reduce morbidity associated with unnecessary routine discontinuation of such medication.

To audit the management of periorbital cellulitis or abscess, in line with guidelines published in 2004, within a district general hospital and a tertiary referral centre.

Retrospective audit analysing 58 cases at a district general hospital and 61 cases at a tertiary referral centre, encountered since 2004.

At the tertiary referral centre, 22 patients were diagnosed with pre-septal cellulitis and discharged, as were 20 cases at the district general hospital. At the tertiary referral centre, 95 per cent of patients were correctly seen by an ophthalmologist and 82 per cent by a senior ENT surgeon, compared with 63 and 39 per cent, respectively, at the district general hospital. In both centres, one patient did not receive a computed tomography scan where this was indicated. Despite the need for twice daily monitoring of ophthalmological criteria, both sites lacked 100 per cent compliance. At the tertiary referral centre, 76 per cent of patients were correctly treated with intravenous antibiotics, compared with 68 per cent at the district general hospital.

At both sites, adherence to guidelines was suboptimal. Management may be improved through improved education and online information support.

To audit the number of patients attending an ENT emergency clinic more than twice in the same clinical episode.

A completed audit cycle. The inclusion criterion for the retrospective arm was patients who had attended the ENT emergency clinic more than twice between 1 September to 30 November 2007. Data were analysed and interventions implemented. The re-audit, using the same inclusion criteria, was done between 1 March to 31 May 2008.

The initial audit found that 38 patients were seen more than twice in the ENT emergency clinic, giving rise to 81 ‘excess’ clinic appointments. After intervention, the re-audit identified 19 patients who were seen more than twice in the ENT emergency clinic, giving rise to 24 ‘excess’ clinic appointments.

By insisting that patients seen more than twice in the ENT emergency clinic were reviewed by a senior clinician, and by introducing a management guideline for acute otitis externa, we reduced excess clinic appointments by 70 per cent.