Smiles were in short supply in the darkest days of the Covid-19 pandemic, in large part because so many were concealed beneath masks. In societies that have no modern tradition of wearing masks or veils, the unfamiliar sight of concealed faces can be disconcerting. This is not because we are unable to see the flesh of the face – a lifeless face can be quite as disconcerting as any mask – but rather because artificial face coverings conceal our arts of face making. The face is, after all, the only part of the body that we commonly talk of in terms of ‘making’ and of being ‘made up’. The very word ‘face’ derives from the Latin facere – to make or to do. This chapter considers the psychological power of face-making and the exploitation of that power in political performance. It also considers, more deeply, how physical face-making parallels rhetorical crafting of persona in politics, law, and society at large.

This chapter takes an historical and cross-cultural approach to the development of the clown in circus in Europe and the USA. It explores the points of connection and difference in the way clowning developed as the scale of circus expanded and contracted in these regions. For example, the creation of the three-ring circus in the USA placed particular performance demands on the clowns in terms of both run-ins and entrées which were quite different to the challenges faced by clowns in Europe and the United Kingdom. These demands influenced the costume and make-up of the clowns as well as the performance strategies used. The development of new circus/nouveau cirque from the 1970s onwards created new opportunities for clowns in terms of scale and style of performance, which are also examined here.