The killing of animals is the subject of societal and political debate. Wild geese are caught and killed on a regular basis for fauna conservation and damage control. Killing geese with carbon dioxide (CO2) is commonly practiced, but not listed in legislation on the protection of flora and fauna, and societal concerns have been raised against this method. In this study, an experiment was carried out killing 30 wild-caught geese using either CO2 or a mixture of CO2 and argon (Ar). Brain function (EEG) and heart function (ECG) were measured to determine loss of consciousness and onset of death. The stage of unconsciousness was reached on average within one minute in both treatments (56 s for CO2 and 50 s for CO2 and Ar). States of minimal brain activity and ineffective heart beat were reached more quickly using CO2 compared to CO2 and Ar (112 versus 178 s for minimal brain activity and 312 versus 394 s for ineffective heart beat for CO2 and the mixture of CO2 and Ar, respectively). The mixture of carbon dioxide and argon did not significantly reduce time to loss of consciousness or death. Further studies on behaviour and stress physiology are needed to determine conclusively whether CO2 alone is a satisfactory agent to kill wild-caught geese as the lower CO2 concentration in the CO2-Ar treatment may act as a sedative and reduce the aversiveness of the animals during exposure to lethal gas concentrations.

We have previously demonstrated that a sharp rise in feed intake (hyperphagia) and spontaneous liver steatosis could be experimentally induced in domestic Greylag geese by combining a short photoperiod and a sequence of feed restriction followed by ad libitum corn feeding during the fall and the winter. In this previous work, however, individual feed intake could not be recorded. The present study aimed at evaluating the relationship between level and pattern of hyperphagia and liver weight with an individual control of feed intake in individually housed (IH) geese, while comparing the performances with group housed (GH) geese. A total of 300 male geese of 19 weeks of age, were provided with corn ad libitum after an initial feed restriction period. From 21 to 23 weeks of age, the daylight duration was progressively reduced from 10 to 7 h and kept as such until the end of the experiment (week 36). In all, 30 GH and 30 IH geese were slaughtered at 19, 27, 30, 32 and 36 weeks of age. Feed intake was measured per group in GH geese and individually in IH geese. During the 1st week of corn feeding, the average feed intake rose up to 600 g/goose per day in GH geese but not in IH geese where the feed intake rose gradually from 300 to 400 g/day. The liver weight increased from 93 g (week 19) to 497 g (week 32; P<0.05) in GH birds. In IH birds, liver weights were, on average, much lower (ranging from 220 to 268 g) than in GH birds (P<0.05). In GH and IH bird, the variability in the individual response to corn feeding was very high (liver weight cv ranging from 63% to 83% depending on slaughter age). A close correlation between corn consumption and liver weight was evidenced in IH birds at each slaughter age (R2 ranging from 0.62 to 0.79), except at 36 weeks of age where this correlation was weak (R2=0.14). The variability in the extent of liver steatosis is very high and our results in IH birds clearly point out the major role of hyperphagia, mainly at the beginning of the ad libitum corn feeding period, on the development of spontaneous liver steatosis.

The aim of this work was to study the effects of incorporating sugar beet pulp (SBP) into the diet on the development of the crop and performance of geese. A total of 480 1-day-old ganders were divided into three groups differing in the composition and mode of distribution of the diet offered from day 56 to 89. The following two diets were used: a standard diet (nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy, AMEn 11.44 MJ/kg; 160 g/kg CP) or a diet containing 10% of SBP (SBP diet; AMEn 11.47 MJ/kg; 160 g/kg CP). The swelling capacity (SC) hydration was higher for SBP than for the standard diet (3.62 v. 2.72 ml of H2O/g of dry matter at 60 min; P<0.05). In the Control group, birds were fed with a controlled time of access to a standard diet. Other birds were fed the SBP diet with a controlled time of access (SBPt group) or a controlled quantity offered (SBPq). From day 90 to 104, 88 birds/group were overfed with a mixture containing mainly corn. Body traits including volume of the crop were measured at day 89. Fatty liver weight and commercial grading were measured at d 104. Feed intake from day 56 to 89 was higher in the Control group than in the SBPt group (8097 v. 7545 g; P<0.05), feed intake in the SBPq group being intermediate (7801 g); however, live weights (LW) of the birds were similar in the three groups measured at day 89 (5746 g; P>0.05). At day 89, the volume of the crop tended to be higher in the SBPt compared with the Control group (52.8 v. 48.8 ml/kg of LW; P=0.101). After overfeeding, feed intake (12 922 g), weight gain (2412 g), LW (8170 g), fatty liver weight (875 g) and commercial grading of the fatty liver were similar (P>0.1) for all the three groups. Therefore, SBP could help adapt the digestive tract of waterfowl to high feed intake through an increase in the crop volume, but its method of use – that is, level of incorporation and mode of distribution – should continue to be investigated.

The study pertains to phenotypic characterization of some breeds of duck (common white duck and Indian runner duck), Muscovy ducks (black and white feathered and sepia feathered) besides two breeds of geese (white and brown feathered and white feathered) reared in the state of West Bengal (India). The study was conducted at five locations of the state and comprised 1395 ducks and 600 geese. The data were analysed statistically using mainly descriptive statistics, the differences in mean were analysed using Duncan's multiple range test. Both qualitative and quantitative traits were considered in the study. The qualitative traits were shank colour, bill colour, colour of the feathers, skin colour, egg shell colour, the presence or absence of beans, body carriage, bill type and colour of the eyes, while the quantitative traits included in the study were weight of the ducks and weight of the eggs. Some production traits such as numbers of eggs laid per year and dressing percentage of the drakes and ganders of each breed too have been studied. The ducks and geese are raised under semi-intensive management system and mostly depend on scavenging for their nutritional needs. This results in poor egg production and at times loss of stock because of diseases. The study regarding average egg production indicated that the Muscovy ducks and the geese have poor egg production, whereas the Indian runner followed by the common white duck are potentially the best. The ducks are important source of earnings for the small holder farmers and are raised both for meat and eggs, while the geese are reared mostly for ornamental purpose. However, the populations of the ducks are fast dwindling because of avian influenza in the region and because restocking is mostly being carried out with less adapted Khaki Campbell ducks. This happens mainly because the government farms that were responsible for providing the ducklings for restocking maintain Khaki Campbell ducks and do not have the parental stock of the native duck breeds, while restocking of the Muscovy ducks and geese are carried out by the rearers themselves. There are also no prevailing breeding programmes to conserve, select, maintain and distribute the native breeds of duck and geese. Hence, it is of earnest importance to conserve the avian genetic resources before the population dwindles further.

Introduction. Du fait des conditionstropicales humides, le contrôle des adventices est un poste importantet permanent dans les dépenses d’un producteur de fruits aux Antilles.La pratique du désherbage chimique est à ce jour la plus économique,mais l’utilisation récurrente d’herbicides dans les vergers de laMartinique conduit à une érosion des sols et à une pollution des eaux.Pour pallier l’usage d’herbicides, nous avons testé l’associationde volailles à un verger productif afin d’en contrôler l’enherbement. Matériel et méthodes. Le dispositif a été installé surune parcelle de 700 m2 subdivisée en sept placettes de 100 m2. Deux placettes ont constitué les traitements témoins ;elles ont été fauchées à la débroussailleuse. Chacune des cinq autresplacettes a été soumise au pâturage de 5 oies pendant une semaine, puisau pâturage de 20 poulets pendant la semaine suivante, puis laisséesans volailles pendant trois autres semaines. Trois cycles de tellesrotations ont été observés. La production de biomasse par groupebotanique (poacées, cypéracées et autres) dans les placettes expérimentales aété mesurée chaque semaine pendant les trois cycles (4 mois). Unefois par mois l’indice de recouvrement par groupe botanique a étérelevé. Résultats. La biomasse totale de la strateherbacée a diminué sur les placettes pâturées, ce qui a permis lecontrôle biologique des adventices pendant quatre mois. La diversitéfloristique a diminué à cause de la sélection opérée par les volailles pourleur alimentation et le couvert s’est homogénéisé par l’augmentationdu pourcentage de la biomasse des cypéracées dans la biomasse totale.Cette famille peu appétible pour les volailles s’est ainsi étenduesur toutes les placettes pâturées. Discussion. Le pâturagedes volailles, des oies en particulier, s’est révélé être une méthodeefficace pour la maîtrise de l’enherbement en verger. Cependant, dansle cas d’une forte proportion d’espèces non appétibles dans la strateherbacée, d’autres méthodes de désherbage devront être combinées.L’installation d’une couverture herbacée composée d’un mélange deplantes de couverture adaptées à l’association verger et volaillesainsi qu’une meilleure gestion de la rotation des animaux devrontêtre envisagées pour optimiser cette technique.

A flock of 117, 10-month-old Egyptian geese consisting of 90 females and 27 males were utilized in this investigation. Birds were randomly divided into three equal groups, each made up of three replicates of 10 females and 3 males each. The first group was kept under a pasture system (PS) and allowed to swim in water ducts during the daytime (PS) and kept inside the house during the night. The second group of birds were kept in confinement in a house and fed ad libitum on a commercial feed (intensive system (IS)). Birds in the third group (semi-intensive system (SIS)) were released from the house for 6 h a day and given access to the pasture and water ducts. Each group was housed in three pens (replicates) in the SIS. They were given ad libitum access to the commercial feed when in the house. Each pen measured (2 × 3 m2). Natural mating was practiced during the period from November to the end of May. BW of geese under ISS was significantly (P ⩽ 0.05) higher than those under PS and SIS. Egg number, weight and mass of geese in the SIS system were significantly (P ⩽ 0.05) greater than those of geese in the PS and IS systems. Fertility and hatchability percentages were significantly (P ⩽ 0.05) greater in the PS (84.2% and 88.6%) than in the IS (77.5% and 82.8%) and SIS systems (80.7% and 85.5%). Shell weight and thickness were significantly (P ⩽ 0.05) better in the IS and SIS systems than in the PS system. Geese in the PS and SIS systems exhibited significantly higher plasma estradiol-17 and progesterone than those in the IS. Testosterone was significantly higher in IS than in the other systems. Semen quality factor was significantly higher in the PS and SIS systems than in the IS system. Carcass weight was significantly greater in IS and SIS geese than in PS geese, but the PS system resulted in a decreased percentage skin, abdominal fat and liver. Total amount of meat produced per geese was significantly greater in the SIS than in the IS system and greater in the IS than in the PS system.

Lithuania committed itself to conservation of its genetic resources by signing the Conservation Convention on Biological Diversity in Rio de Janeiro on June 11, 1992. In 1995 FAO recognised the Vishtines goose breed as being monitored internationally and included into the FAO Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources and the World Watch List for Domestic Animal Diversity. Vishtines geese are rather large in size with a medium-sized head, blue eyes and straight short orange beak. The arched neck is of medium length. The breast is broad and deep. The back is straight, horizontal and the shanks are long and orange. There are one or two skin folds on the abdomen. The plumage is white. The final body weight of the goose and the gander of this breed reaches 5-6 kg and 6-7 kg respectively. Numerous scientific studies have been made with these geese in Lithuania. Biochemical protein polymorphism and microsatellite analysis tests with the goose breeds grown in Lithuania indicated that Vishtines goose breed is unique and can be distinguished by biochemical genetic individuality.

This paper concentrates on revealing the economic significance of geese commercially raised by community in Kars province, which is very famous for geese reproduction in Turkey. In the survey, the hatchery efficiency has been determined to be 65.9% while the mortality rate after hatching is 8.7%. The survey revealed that small businesses on goose breeding typically are not profitable. However, because women are mostly in charge of taking care of geese, demanding no wages in return, the labour cost is very low, increasing the business profitability of goose breeding in this area. Consequently, the results of the survey have indicated that in order to increase performance of goose breeding and to raise the level of profit, contemporary goose breeding facilities, including infrastructure, should be constructed, and those who deal with goose breeding need to be trained in the technical aspects of production.

This study investigated the effects of various stunning methods on the quality of French ‘foie gras’ in ducks and geese. The ducks (n = 30 per group) were stunned with one of the following techniques: electrical stunning in a water bath (50 Hz AC, 130 mA, 4 s), head-only electrical stunning (50 Hz AC, 600 mA, 4 s), mechanical stunning (captive bolt) and controlled atmosphere stunning (CAS: phase 1, CO2 (40%)–O2 (30%)–N2 (30%), for 2 min followed by phase 2, CO2 >85% in air, for 2 min). The same methods (except head-only stunning which was not applied) were used in geese (n = 40 per group). The weight of the liver at slaughter was not affected by the stunning techniques, neither was its colour (L*, a*, b* coordinates), despite the differences in bleeding rate between the stunning treatments. The loss of fat during the cooking of canned fatty liver did not depend upon stunning treatment. Some appearance defects of raw fatty livers were significantly affected by the treatment: mechanical and head-only stunning induced higher incidence of petechial haemorrhages in duck liver, whereas in geese, incidence of superficial haemorrhages was significantly higher after CAS and water-bath stunning. The calculation of an overall score based on the incidence and severity of the different appearance defects observed in the present experiment showed that CAS was associated with the least favourable position in ducks as well as in geese, compared to the other treatments. The commercial grading of ducks and geese fatty livers, carried out by an expert from the industry, clearly showed the detrimental effect of CAS on the commercial value of raw livers. CAS, under the conditions applied in the present work cannot be recommended, because of its drastic effect on liver quality. The underlying mechanisms deserve further investigations.

This study investigated the effects of various stunning methods on the quality of carcass and meat in ducks and geese force-fed for the production of French ‘foie gras’. The ducks (n = 30 per group) were stunned with one of the following techniques: electrical stunning in a water bath (50 Hz AC, 130 mA, 4 s), head-only electrical stunning (50 Hz AC, 600 mA, 4 s), mechanical stunning (captive bolt) and controlled atmosphere stunning (CAS: phase 1, CO2 (40%)–O2 (30%)–N2 (30%), for 2 min followed by phase 2, CO2 > 85% in air, for 2 min). The same methods (except head-only stunning which was not applied) were used in geese (n = 40 per group). During the first 5 min after slaughter, the stunning techniques that did not kill the animals were associated with a high incidence of head movements (mechanical and electrical head-only stunning), convulsions and convulsive wing flapping (mechanical stunning), in both species. Consequently, the rate of post-mortem pH fall in breast muscle was enhanced and the meat was paler when measured at 24 h or 6 days post mortem (L*, a*, b* coordinates). In ducks, the animals stunned in the water bath showed the lowest bleeding efficiency, compared to the three other procedures. In geese, the mechanical stunning allowed the highest recovery of blood compared to the CAS and the water-bath methods. Meat texture assessed instrumentally and fluid losses during storage and processing were not affected by the stunning method in any species. Sensory analysis showed a higher score for bloody appearance of raw meat in ducks stunned with the methods that kill before neck cutting (water-bath and CAS). This effect was, however, not linked to the rate of bleeding. The sensory properties of cooked meat were not affected by the stunning method. In both ducks and geese, CAS was associated with the lowest rate of fractures of humeral bone but CAS-stunned geese showed the most engorged wing veins. Overall, these results show the positive effect of CAS on the appearance defects of carcass and meat of ducks and geese, and, on the contrary, they confirm the detrimental effects of water-bath stunning on these criteria. However, the incidences on meat sensory qualities were scarce.

Three pairs of primers were designed for amplification of the adiponectin gene in geese (Anser demeatica) based on the published sequences of chicken, duck and other adiponectin homologues. The complete 1062 bp sequence of the adiponectin gene in geese, obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and splicing, contained two exons and one intron. The coding sequence was 738 bp long and included codes for 245 amino acids (GenBank Accession No. EU370686). The coding sequence and the corresponding protein of goose adiponectin shared the highest homology with ducks, 94.85% and 95.51%, respectively; homology with chicken adiponectin was next highest, while the lowest homology was to be found with mammals. The predicted molecular weight (MW) and isoelectric point (pI) were 26,603.3 Da and pH 5.19, respectively, which were highly similar to those of species considered above. Reverse transcription-PCR revealed that goose adiponectin mRNA was highly expressed in skeletal muscle, fatty tissue, heart and stomach muscles. Medium levels of expression were detected in the small intestine, stomach glandular tissue, kidney and lung, while it was only weakly expressed in the liver, spleen, ovaries and diencephalon.

Greylag (Anscr anser) and Barheaded Geese (Anser indicus) wintering in the Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, India, have habitat and food preferences which are comparable to overwintering geese in other parts of the world These geese preferred to eat the dominant grass species in the Park, Paspalum distichum, as determined by a comparison of the mean proportion of Paspalum of the total food eaten by Greylag and Barheaded Geese (0 932 & 0 971, respectively) with the mean availability of Paspalum in the wetland (0 795) However, based on a habitat study at the end of their overwintering season in February 1986, both species of geese used sites with the same amount of Paspalum distichum cover (c 14%) as sites that they did not use (c 14%)

The means of habitat characteristics of sites geese used versus sites they did not use, respectively, are given here in order of their relative preference based on rankings of their standardized means Greylags preferred sites which were grazed concurrently by other species of herbivores (frequency = 0 9 & 0 4), were farther from trees with Painted Stork nests (Mycteria leucocephala; 981 & 887 m) and from trees in general (49 & 26 m), or had deeper water 61 & 49 cm) However, Greylags did not prefer sites which were farther from open water (65 & 223 m), had been cut by hand (frequency = <0 1 & 0 1), were farther from vegetation dominated by Vetivcria zizanioides (668 & 842m), had been bulldozed (frequency = <0 1 & 0 1), or had any amount of cover of the exotic aquatic weed, Eichhornia crassipes (0 0 & 0 3%)

Barheaded Geese preferred sites which were remote from the Park boundary (1156 & 757m), were farther from any road (423 & 235 m), had been grazed by geese in 1984 (0 3 & <0 1), had higher covers of droppings (0 4 & 0 1%), or had been burned in the previous summer (frequency = 02 & 0 1) They did not prefer sites which had deeper water (25 & 61 cm), had been grazed by geese in 1985 (frequency = 0 0 & 0 5), were farther from vegetation dominated by Vetivcria (511 & 733 m), had been bulldozed (frequency = 0 0 & 0 1), or were farther from open water (29 & 115 m) This information can be used to construct management plans for Greylag and Barheaded Geese overwintering in the Keoladeo National Park and other parts of northern India

The following paper reviews the breeding seasonality and its control in the domestic geese. Geese breeds can be classified into 3 types according to their breeding season: Type 1 inhabits higher latitude (40 to 45º N) temperate zones, and breeds during the longer days in spring and early summer. Types 2 inhabits mid-latitude (30 to 40º N) temperate regions, and start their breeding season in autumn and end in the following spring - early summer. Type 3 are the short-day breeding geese, located in subtropical areas (22 to 25º N), which breed from late summer to the following spring. Differences in breeding seasonalities are attributed to adaptations to environment conditions, enabling geese to fully utilize these conditions to achieve maximal reproductive performance and survival. Divergent breeding seasons are caused by the different pituitary secretions of gonadotrophins and prolactin in response to annual changes in photoperiod. In practical goose production, laying seasons can be controlled by imposing artificial photoperiods, with almost opposite photo-programmes for long or short day breeding geese, respectively. In addition, genetic selection and other animal husbandry measures such as timing of gosling stocking and nutritional intake levels can modify, to various degrees, the goose breeding seasonality.

Force-feeding is a very old practice, first recorded in ancient Egypt, but until the 1950's foie gras production remained somewhat limited in volume. Foie gras is currently produced in various countries but approximately 80% of world production and consumption takes place in France.

Geese, which were the most common specie been force-fed until recently, now account for less than 10% of the total world foie gras production. Ducks such as the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) account for less than 5%, and mule ducks for the rest. Thus, over 35 million mule ducks were force-fed in France in 2001, accounting for nearly 95% of the domestic foie gras production. This increase was made possible by technical progress in specific breeding programmes and force-feeding practice.

However, the future of this production is uncertain, at least in Europe. Indeed, although a number of experimental approaches have shown that there is no scientific evidence that validates such adverse comment, this procedure is highly criticised in terms of animal welfare. The Council of Europe therefore adopted two specific recommendations in 1999 and although its practice is not banned at present, it is limited to the areas where it is already practised and only under specific rearing conditions. Therefore, the question is: will it be still possible to produce foie gras in France or elsewhere in Europe in the future and, if not, where and how will it be produced?

Genetic parameters of traits of interest in ducks and geese are reported. Recent achievements of research, specially to improve the Brown Tsaiya laying duck; the intergeneric crossbreeding in duck; the meat ducks Pekin and Muscovy; the goose reproduction ability; the meat and fatty liver production in geese and ducks were analysed. A linear genetic selection index based on MT-BLUP animal model of breeding values with objectives to maintain body weight, egg weight at current levels, to increase egg shell strength and egg number, used for four generations in Brown Tsaiya laying ducks was evaluated. A seven generations selection experiment was successful in increasing the duration of fertility of Brown Tsaiya female ducks by artificial insemination with pooled Muscovy semen. The genetic parameters of growth and laying traits in a selected Muscovy line in Taiwan were estimated. Favourable genetic trends for body weight at given age, without decreasing egg production, were found in this selected Muscovy line. The selection of grandparent stocks (White Tsaiya and Pekin) for white plumage mule ducks in Taiwan was efficient. The genetic parameters of laying and gosling production traits of Landaise geese and of a White plumage goose strain, bred in two systems, respectively outdoors with natural photoperiodism and in indoors with short daylight conditions were reported. The more advantageous system in selecting for laying traits in geese is discussed. Fatty liver weight was found to be highly heritable in geese and male Muscovy ducks. The genetic parameters of overfed mule duck traits were estimated in the Pekin dam population. It is concluded that future research should focus on biotechnology, quantitative trait loci detection and genome analysis.

The goose is one of the most ancient of domesticated birds now bred commercially. Whereas the greatest concentration of the world's geese is to be found in Asia, there is considerable breed diversity in Europe. Geese enterprises are most successful with highly productive breeds well adapted to local conditions. Economically useful traits, such as body weight, liveability, egg production, hatchability, feather formation and ability to be fed for the production of fat livers, need to be more clearly identified. Knowledge of the genetic differences between and within breeds in reproductive or production traits and of the heritability values of these traits are essential if the artificial selection of geese is to be successful. In the commercial crossing of breeds it is customary and preferable to use dam and male strains selected for reproductive and meat traits, respectively. Implementing modern DNA techniques would facilitate the detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and the introduction of marker-assisted selection. Progress with and results from other avian species would help to compensate for the current lack of specific markers and other molecular tools in geese. An important feature of geese is their ability to consume green forages and other cheap components of crops and to maintain productivity on diets with low protein contents; they are also frequently able to make effective use of novel local feed resources. Geese are at present usually raised on deep litter, on free range, in cages or on slats, using short days, diminishing light intensity or fluorescent light, and over one or two cycles of lay. To improve the efficiency of production of geese their biological and economic features need to be more actively studied. There is an urgent need to integrate genetic, nutritional, reproductive and management information and approaches so that present production systems can be adjusted and the genetic potential of geese more fully realised.

More energy efficient and longer lasting lamps are being used to replace incandescent lighting in poultry houses. This paper reviews the response of domestic fowl, turkeys and geese to various sources of illumination. It concludes that there is no evidence that fluorescent or high pressure sodium lighting, irrespective of intensity or spectral distribution, has any consistent detrimental effect on growth, food utilization, reproductive performance, mortality, behaviour or live bird quality in either domestic fowl or turkeys, nor in the egg production of geese. There are limited data to suggest that the use of fluorescent lighting may be beneficial in the reduction of leg problems in meat chickens. Notwithstanding that poultry may perceive low frequency fluorescent light as discontinuous (at least in Europe), it does not appear to compromise the welfare of poultry, and has been shown in one study with laying fowl to be preferred to incansdescent lighting.

Since 1969 the Hungarian Upgraded and Gray Landes breeds of geese have been improved at the Goose Breeding Research Station of Gödöllö University of Agricultural Sciences at Babatpuszta. An overview of 15 years history of these two breeds shows an average annual increase in egg production of almost one egg and average annual improvements of 1% in fertility and one day old gosliings per year. These improvements are attributed to the results of selection carried out between 1978 and 1992.

We evaluated the effects of free-range chickens and geese on insect pests and weeds in an experimental, nonchemical agroecosystem consisting of an apple orchard with intercropped potatoes. The objective was to assess the potential of these domestic bird species as biological control agents. Four insect pests were studied: plum curculio, apple maggot, Japanese beetle, and Colorado potato beetle. Chickens fed on several potential crop pests, including Japanese beetle. Although Japanese beetles were less abundant on apple trees when chickens were present, the proportion of damaged fruit was not reduced. Furthermore, chickens did not affect weed abundance or crop productivity. In contrast, geese were effective weeders. Their activities reduced weed abundance and increased potato plant growth and yields compared with a minimally weeded control. In addition, the activities of geese indirectly reduced apple fruit damage by plum curculio and increased the proportion of pest-free fruit, possibly because removal of vegetation by the geese reduced humidity at the soil surface and therefore reduced the activity of plum curculio.