Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T22:17:56.989Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Responses of domestic poultry to various light sources

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

P.D. Lewis  and
T.R. Morris
P.D. Lewis
Affiliation:
Department of Agiculture, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 2AT, UK
T.R. Morris
Affiliation:
Department of Agiculture, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 2AT, UK
Get access

Abstract

More energy efficient and longer lasting lamps are being used to replace incandescent lighting in poultry houses. This paper reviews the response of domestic fowl, turkeys and geese to various sources of illumination. It concludes that there is no evidence that fluorescent or high pressure sodium lighting, irrespective of intensity or spectral distribution, has any consistent detrimental effect on growth, food utilization, reproductive performance, mortality, behaviour or live bird quality in either domestic fowl or turkeys, nor in the egg production of geese. There are limited data to suggest that the use of fluorescent lighting may be beneficial in the reduction of leg problems in meat chickens. Notwithstanding that poultry may perceive low frequency fluorescent light as discontinuous (at least in Europe), it does not appear to compromise the welfare of poultry, and has been shown in one study with laying fowl to be preferred to incansdescent lighting.

Keywords

light sourcesfluorescentsodium vapourincandescentultravioletbroilerslaying hensturkeysgeeseperformancebehaviour
Type
Research Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 54 , Issue 1 , March 1998 , pp. 7 - 25
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andrews, D.K. and Zimmermann, N.G. (1990) A comparison of energy efficient broiler house lighting sources and photoperiods. Poultry Science 69: 1471–1480CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashton, W.L.G., Pattison, M. and Barnett, K.C. (1973) Light-induced eye abnormalities in turkeys and the turkey blindness syndrome. Research Veterinary Science 14: 42–46CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnett, K.C. and Laursen-Jones, A.P. (1976) The effect of continuous ultraviolet irradiation on broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 17: 175–177CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnett, K.C., Ashton, W.L.G., Holford, G., Macpherson, I. and Simm, P.D. (1971) Chorioretinitis and buphthalmos in turkeys. Veterinary Record, June 12th, 620–627CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barott, H.G., Schoenleber, L.G. and Campbell, L.E. (1951) The effect of ultraviolet radiation on egg production of hens. Poultry Science 30: 409–416CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, A.T.D. and Cuthill, I.C. (1994) Ultraviolet vision in birds: What is its function?. Vision Research 34: 1471–1478CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boshouwers, F.M.G. and Nicaise, E. (1992) Responses of broiler chickens to high-frequency and low-frequency fluorescent light. British Poultry Science 33: 711–717CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boshouwers, F.M.G. and Nicaise, E. (1993) Artificial light sources and their influence on physical activity and energy expenditure of laying hens. British Poultry Science 34: 11–19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowmaker, J.K. (1991) Photoreceptors, photopigments and oil droplets. In: Vision and Visual Dysfunction, Vol. 6. Perception of Colour (Gouras, P., Ed.), Macmillan, London, pp. 108–127Google Scholar
Carson, J.R. and Junnila, W.A. (1953) Ultraviolet irradiation of the turkey hen. Poultry Science 32: 871–873CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, J.R. and Beall, G., (1955) Absence of response by breeder hens to ultraviolet energy. Poultry Science 34: 256–262CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, J.R., Bacon, B.F. and Junnila, W.A. (1957) Light quality and the stimulation of egg production. Poultry Science 36: 1108 (abstract)Google Scholar
Cavalchini, L.G (1976) Effects of fluorescent and incandescent light on egg production of turkey breeding. Proceedings of 5th European Poultry Conference, Malta, 843–849Google Scholar
Cherry, P and Barwick, M.W. (1962) The effect of light on broiler growth. I. Light intensity and colour. British Poultry Science 3: 31–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colman, M.A. and Minear, L.R. (1981) A comparison of the effects of fluorescent versus incandescent lighting on the reproductive performance of two strains of broiler breeders. Poultry Science 60: 1642Google Scholar
Davis, G.S, Siopes, T.D., Peiffer, R.L. and Cook, C. (1986) Morphologic changes induced by photoperiod in eyes of turkey poults. American Journal of Veterinary Research 47: 953–955Google ScholarPubMed
Denbow, D.M., Leighton, A.T. and Hulet, R.M. (1990) Effect of light source and light intensity on growth performance and behaviour of female turkeys. British Poultry Science 31: 439–445CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emmerton, J., and Delius, J.D. (1980) Wavelength discrimination in the “visible” and UV spectrum by pigeons. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 141: 47–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FARM ENERGY CENTRE (1997) A Guide to Lighting Systems within Agriculture. Technical Note 63, NAC, Stoneleigh, UK.Google Scholar
Felts, J.V., Leighton, A.T. Jnr, Denbow, D.M. and Hulet, R.M. (1990) Influence of light source on the growth and reproduction of large white turkeys. Poultry Science 69: 576–583CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzsimmons, R.C. and Newcombe, M. (1990) The effects of fluorescent light sources on the performance of White Leghorn hens. Poultry Science 69: 1455–1460CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gavardovskii, V.I. and Zueva, L.V. (1977) Visual pigments of chicken and pigeon. Vision Research 17: 537–543CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, D.J. and Leighton, A.T. Jnr (1984) Effects of light environment and population density on growth performance of male turkeys. Poultry Science 63: 1314–1321CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halawani, M.E.El., Waibel, P.E. and Noll, S.L. (1980) Effects of light source, air cooling and nutrition on breeder hen turkeys' reproductive performance. Proceedings of Virginia Turkey Days 1980, 4–8Google Scholar
Halawani, M.E.El., Waibel, P.E. and Noll, S.L. (1981) Effects of prebreeder light sources and nutrition and breeder nutrition and nest types on Large White turkeys' reproductive performance. Poultry Science 60: 1664Google Scholar
Hart, E.B., Steenbock, H., Lepkovsky, S., Kletzien, S.W.T., Halping, J.G. and Johnson, O.N. (1925) The nutritional requirement of the chicken. V. The influence of ultraviolet light on production, hatchability and fertility of the egg. Journal of Biology and Chemistry 65: 571–595CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, A.M., Charles, D.R., Spechter, H.H., Bailey, R.A. and Ballantyne, A.J. (1988) Effects of multiple environmental and nutritional factors in laying hens. British Poultry Science 29: 499–511CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogsette, J.A., Wilson, H.R. and Semple-Rowland, S.L. (1997) Effects on White Leghorn hens of constant exposure to ultraviolet light from insect traps. Poultry Science 76: 1134–1137CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J.S., Payne, L.F. and Latshaw, W.L. (1925) The influence of ultra-violet light on leg weakness in growing chicks and on egg production. Poultry Science 4: 151–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulan, H.W. and Proudfoot, F.G. (1987) Effects of light source, ambient temperature and dietary energy source on the general performance and incidence of leg abnormalities of roaster chickens. Poultry Science 66: 645–651CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hulet, R.M., Denbow, D.M. and Leighton, A.T. Jnr (1992) The effect of light source and intensity on turkey egg production. Poultry Science 71: 1277–1282CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingram, D.D., Biron, T.R., Wilson, H.R. and Mather, F.B. (1987) Lighting of end of lay broiler breeders: fluorescent versus incandescent. Poultry Science 66: 215–217CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, J.E., Hughes, B.L. and Elkin, R.G. (1977) Effect of light intensity and source on tom reproduction. Poultry Science 56: 1417–1420CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleinpeter, M.E. and Mixner, J.P. (1947) The effect of the quantity and quality of light on the thyroid activity of the baby chick. Poultry Science 26: 494–498CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauber, J.K. and Mcginnis, J. (1966) Eye lesions in domestic fowl reared under continuous light. Vision Research 6: 619–626CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leighton, A.T., Hulet, R.M. and Denbow, D.M. (1989) Effect of light sources and light intensity on growth performance and behaviour of male turkeys. British Poultry Science 30: 563–574CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Menec, M., and Launay, M., (1988) A comparison of three lighting methods in the production of broiler fowls. Bulletin d'lnformation, Station Experilnentale d'Aviculture de Ploufragan, France 28: 119–127Google Scholar
Levenick, C.K. and Leighton, A.T. Jnr (1988) Effects of photoperiod and filtered light on growth, reproduction and behaviour of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). 1. Growth performance of two lines of males and females. Poultry Science 67: 1505–1513CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, P.D., Perry, G.C. and Morris, T.R. (1994) Lighting and egg shell quality. World's Poultry Science Journal 50: 288–291Google Scholar
Mac-Auliffe, T. and Mcginnis, J. (1976) Effect of ultraviolet light and oral vitamin D3 on rachitic chicks fed diets containing either corn or rye. Poultry Science 55: 2305–2309CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mac-Auliffe, T., Pietraszek, A. and Mcginnis, J. (1976a) The effect of adding procaine penicillin to diets with different levels of vitamin D3 on the performance of turkey poults. Poultry Science 55: 183–187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mac-Auliffe, T., Pietraszek, A. and Mcginnis, J., (1976b) Variable rachitogenic effects of grain and alleviation by extraction or supplementation with vitamin D, fat or antibiotics. Poultry Science 55: 2142–2147CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manser, C.E. (1996) Effects of lighting on the welfare of domestic poultry: a review. Animal Welfare 5: 341–360CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mccluskey, W.H. and Arscott, G.H. (1967) The influence of incandescent and infrared light upon chicks. Poultry Science 46: 528–529CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milby, T.T. and Thompson, R.B. (1945) Sources of artificial light for turkey breeding females. Poultry Science 24: 438–441CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mussehl, F.E. and Ackerson, C.W. (1931) Anti-rachitic value of S-1 Lamp radiation for chicks. Poultry Science 10: 68–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuboer, J.F.W., Coemans, M.A.J.M. and Vos, J.J. (1992a) Artificial lighting in poultry houses: do hens perceive the modulation of fluorescent lamps as flicker? British Poultry Science 33: 123–133CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuboer, J.F.W., Coemans, M.A.J.M. and Vos, J.J. (1992b) Artificial lighting in poultry houses: are photometric units appropriate for describing illumination intensities? British Poultry Science 33: 135–140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palacios, A.G. and Varela, F.J. (1992) Color mixing in the pigeon (Columbia livia) II: a psychophysical determination in the middle, short and near-UV wavelength range. Vision Research 32: 1947–1953CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, L.F. and Mcdaniel, G.R. (1958) Fluorescent lights for turkey breeders. Poultry Science 37: 722–726CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perek, M. and Heller, E.D. (1970) Ultraviolet irradiation as a protective measure for chickens exposed to Newcastle disease virus. Poultry Science 49: 1742–1744CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pritchard, D.C. (1995) Lamps. In: Lighting, Longman, Harlow, pp. 54–81Google Scholar
Proudfoot, F.G. and Hulan, H.W. (1987) Interrelationships among lighting, ambient temperature, dietary energy and broiler chick performance. Poultry Science 66: 1744–1749CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyrzak, R., Snapir, N., Robinzon, B. and Goodman, G. (1984) The effect of supplementation of daylight with artificial light from various sources and at two intensities on the egg production of two lines of geese. Poultry Science 63: 1846–1850CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, S.P., Bell, M., and Mitchie, W., (1985) Comparison of artificial light sources and lighting programmes for laying hens on long ahemeral light cycles. British Poultry Science 26: 357–365CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheideler, S.E. (1990) Effect of various light sources on broiler performance and efficiency of production under commercial conditions. Poultry Science 69: 1030–1033CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumaier, G., Harrison, P.C. and Mcginnis, J. (1968) Effect of coloured fluorescent light on growth, cannibalism and subsequent egg production of single comb White Leghorn pullets. Poultry Science 47: 1599–1602CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, H.T., Hart, E.B. and Halpin, J.G. (1929) Winter sunlight, ultra violet light, and glass substitutes in the prevention of rickets in growing chicks. Poultry Science 9: 65–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siopes, T.D. (1984a) The effect of high and low intensity cool-white fluorescent lighting on the reproductive performance of turkey breeder hens. Poultry Science 63: 920–926CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siopes, T.D. (1984b) The effect of full-spectrum fluorescent lighting on reproductive traits of cages turkey hens. Poultry Science 63: 1122–1128CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siopes, T.D. and Wilson, W.O. (1980) Participation of the eyes in the photostimulation of chickens. Poultry Science 59: 1122–1125CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snapir, N., Perek, M., and Pyrzak, R., (1970) The effect of artificial sunlight spectrum illumination on reproductive traits of turkey males. Proceedings 5th European Poultry Conference, Malta, pp. 1281–1286Google Scholar
Titus, H.W. and Nestler, R.B. (1935) Effect of vitamin D on production and some properties of eggs. Poultry Science 14: 90–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Kreay, H.P. and Weaver, W.D. Jnr (1988) Effect of various supplemental light sources and light intensity on egg production by broiler breeder hens. Archiv für Gelflügelkunde 52: 221–226Google Scholar
Wabeck, C.J. and Skoglund, W.C. (1974) Influence of radiant energy from fluorescent light sources on growth, mortality and feed conversion of broilers. Poultry Science 53: 2055–2059CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wathes, C.M., Spechter, H.H. and Bray, T.S. (1982) The effects of light illuminance and wavelength on the growth of broiler chickens. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 98: 195–201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitley, R.D., Albert, R.A., Mcdaniel, G.R., Brewer, R.N., Mora, E.C. and Hender-Son, R.A. (1984) Photoinduced buphthalmic avian eyes. I. Continuous fluorescent light. Poultry Science 63: 1537–1542CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Widowski, T.M. and Duncan, I.J.H. (1996) Laying hens do not have a preference for high-frequency versus low-frequency compact fluorescent light sources. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76: 177–181CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widowski, T.M., Keeling, L.J. and Duncan, I.J.H. (1992) The preference of hens for compact fluorescent over incandescent lighting. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72: 203–211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willgeroth, G.B. and Fritz, J.C. (1944) Influence of incandescent and fluorescent lights on calcification in the chick. Poultry Science 23: 251–252CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wortel, J.F. (1987) Spectral properties of the dorsal and the ventral retina of pigeon and chicken in relation to the intra-retinal oil-droplet distribution. PhD Thesis, University of UtrechtGoogle Scholar
Wortel, J.F., Rugenbrink, H., and Nuboer, J.F.W. (1987) The photopic spectral sensitivity of the dorsal and ventral retinae of the chicken. Journal of Comparative Physiology A160: 151–154CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmermann, N.G. (1988) Broiler performance when reared under various light sources. Poultry Science 67: 43–51CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed