This chapter provides a research agenda for pediatric climate distress. It is structured into five domains. First, it reviews the importance of delineating among existing definitions of climate distress, including distinguishing between normal and pathological stress responses and integrating concepts from existing anxiety literature. Second, it discusses the importance of researching the epidemiology of climate distress, including developing and validating measurement tools, identifying young people most vulnerable and resilient, and considering the effects of parental mental health and social determinants of health on youths’ psychological responses. Third, it highlights the need to explore the psychological meaning and sequelae of climate change, including moral disengagement, dialectics of climate distress, and moral outrage. Fourth, it points to conventional and novel interventions to address climate distress that require further investigation. Fifth, it reviews the need to assess how climate change may impact young peoples’ psychological distress on a biological level. It concludes with recommendations for how to foster interdisciplinary collaborations and increase funding for this research.

All fields of science benefit from gathering and analyzing network data. This chapter summarizes a small portion of the ways networks are found in research fields thanks to increasing volumes of data and the computing resources needed to work with that data. Epidemiology, dynamical systems, materials science, and many more fields than we can discuss here, use networks and network data. Well encounter many more examples during the rest of this book.

In this Introduction, I distinguish between two a posteriori views with respect to mathematical knowledge. According to the epistemological a posteriori position, mathematical knowledge is acquired empirically. According to the methodological a posteriori approach, empirical research is important for understanding what mathematical knowledge is like. I emphasise the need for the latter in the epistemology of arithmetic, while also accepting the importance of a priori methodology. However, empirical researchers and philosophers of mathematics do not share a common conceptual framework, which makes successful interdisciplinary research difficult. After pointing out some of the key problems, I provide a coherent conceptual framework and consistent terminology.

Collaborating on a scientific endeavor can take extra time, work, and intention to ensure that the collaboration is fruitful. However, it also comes with many benefits, such as the building of professional relationships. There are several best practices that can help increase the likelihood that a collaboration will be successful. These include taking time at the beginning of the collaboration to plan how the team will work together. Teams that are characterized by trust, open communication, and shared goals and expectations, among other qualities, are more likely to be successful. Different forms of interdisciplinary research move researchers from a focus on one’s own discipline to increasing integration across other disciplines. Despite the challenges that come with interdisciplinary research, such as navigating differences in discipline-specific practices, such a collaboration can provide the capacity to address scientific problems that are too big for one discipline.

Empirical studies have the potential to both inform and transform cyber peace research. Empirical research can shed light on opaque phenomena, summarize and synthesize diverse stakeholder perspectives, and allow causal inferences about the impact of policymaking efforts. However, researchers embarking on empirical projects in the area of cyber peace generally, and cybersecurity specifically, face significant challenges – particularly related to data collection. In this chapter, we identify some of the key impediments to empirical cyber research and suggest how researchers and other interested stakeholders can overcome these barriers.

This book presents interdisciplinary research that lies on the crossroads of (a) psychology, specifically, its concept of the creative potential represented by six creativity scores, viz. Originality, Fluency, Flexibility, Elaboration, Creative Strengths and Composite Score, and the concept of creative performance; (b) linguistics, specifically, word-formation focused on the dynamic aspect of the formation of new complex words based on an onomasiological theory; (c) psycholinguistics, represented by a theory of the meaning predictability of potential/new complex words; and (d) sociolinguistics, in particular, the role of age and gender in the formation and interpretation of complex words. These interrelated areas indicate the complexity of the present research and the complexity of relations between the examined variables. This intricate complexity, however, is aimed to be productive rather than destructive, because this book provides both a theoretical account of the word-formation and word-interpretation creativity and an empirical framework with the corresponding results obtained from more than 700 participants.

Chapter 7 discusses the importance of public support and accountability and the need to address issues at the intersection of natural sciences, social sciences, and engineering. Recognition that the acceptability of coastal management actions can be polarized into ecocentric and anthropocentric views or along disciplinary lines requires adoption of compromise solutions enhanced by combining the skills of a range of specialists and local stakeholders. Actions that can enhance natural value of beach/dune systems are provided for municipal managers, developers and property holders, scientists, engineers, and environmental advocates and regulators. The case is made that nature in developed municipalities may be small but more complex than in natural areas because it includes human and natural processes. More frequent human participation may be required where landforms and biota must be maintained in nonequilibrium states to survive. Restored landscapes on developed coasts may be artifacts, but the added natural values and significance of getting off a human trajectory is suggested as better than alternatives that create landscapes that are redundant with inland locations.

Interdisciplinary research of international law has been on the rise in recent decades and scholars have adopted widely varying disciplines, methodologies, and theoretical frameworks to investigate international legal behavior. However, it is this chapter’s contention that a lion’s share of the literature on international legal behavior has understated the role of individual people in international law. Although international law is made, implemented, changed, or broken by people, this ontological insight has not found its way into influential paradigmatic views of international law and consequently has not been adequately embedded in methodologies, theoretical accounts, and research agendas. This chapter offers an illustrative review of relevant scholarship, critiques the scholarship’s statism and outlines its implications. It uses the United States case of the Torture Memos as a means to demonstrate the pitfalls of the literature’s statism and the potential benefits of steering away from it. The chapter therefore argues that future interdisciplinary work of international law would benefit from ridding itself of the dominance of paradigmatic statism and instead recognizing the central role of individuals in the everyday practice of international law.

This chapter examines the connections between the capability approach and human rights. It considers the links between the capability approach and the international human rights framework and discusses the treatment of the relationship between capabilities and human rights within Sen’s research agenda, Nussbaum’s work and the broader literature on the capability approach. Interdisciplinary perspectives spanning law, ethics, public policy and political economy are addressed, and four distinct ‘entry-points’ for examining the connections between the capability approach and human rights are explored. The first focuses on the capability approach as an ‘informational space’ for human rights monitoring, assessment and evaluation. The second focuses on normative concerns and the importance of the capability concept for theoretical thinking about human rights. The third focuses on practical initiatives that explicitly combine the capability approach and human rights as a basis for specific applications and public policies. The fourth addresses the instrumental role that human rights recognitions play within processes of capability expansion (as elements of public action and as mechanisms of broader social change).

The Introduction unfolds the book’s central claim that the very meaning of commitments to ‘the international rule of law’ is informed by long-established and competing foreign policy ideologies. These ideologies continue to structure profoundly contested meanings as between American policymakers and their global counterparts, and between American policymakers themselves. The book’s guiding question is thus: what does the ‘international rule of law’ mean for American legal policymakers even as they advocate competing commitments to international legal order? The chapter sets out the framework for exploring ideology in IL by mapping out the nature of interdisciplinary research between IL and the IR subfield of FPA. The book’s object of analysis in American ‘IL policy’ is introduced, which is an original concept capturing the specific form of foreign policy concerned with conception of and strategies taken in relation to international legal rules and institutions. The chapter concludes with a brief history of US engagement with international criminal courts and the ICC specifically, which stands out as the leading demonstration of competing conceptions of the international rule of law as they influence global legal order.