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21 results

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  • Transdiagnostic Role of Glutamate and White Matter Damage in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review

  • I. Luttenbacher, A. Philips, R. Kazemi, A. Hadipour, I. Sanghvi, J. Martinez, M. Adamson
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 65 / Issue S1 / June 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 September 2022, pp. S164-S165
    • Article
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  • Introduction

    Neuropsychiatric disorders including Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Bipolar Disorder (BD), and Schizophrenia (SZ) have been considered distinct categories of diseases despite their overlapping characteristics and symptomatology.

    Objectives

    We aimed to provide an in-depth review elucidating the role of glutamate/Glx and white matter (WM) abnormalities from a transdiagnostic perspective.

    Methods

    The PubMed online database was searched for studies published between 2010 and 2021. After careful screening, 399 studies were included.

    Results

    The findings point to decreased levels of glutamate in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in both SZ and BD, whereas Glx is elevated in the Hippocampus in SZ and MDD. With regard to WM abnormalities, the Corpus Callosum and superior Longitudinal Fascicle were the most consistently identified brain regions showing decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) across all the reviewed disorders, except GAD. Additionally, the Uncinate Fasciculus was found to be affected in all the reviewed disorders, except OCD. Decreased FA was also found in the inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus, inferior Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus, Thalamic Radiation, and Corona Radiata in SZ, BD, and MDD. Decreased FA in the Fornix and Corticospinal Tract were found in BD and SZ patients. The Cingulum and Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule exhibited decreased FA in MDD and SZ patients.

    Conclusions

    The results suggest a gradual increase in severity from GAD to SZ defined by the number of brain regions with WM abnormality which may be partially caused by abnormal glutamate levels. WM damage could thus be considered a potential marker of some of the main neuropsychiatric disorders.

    Disclosure

    No significant relationships.

  • Dietary and metabolic risk of neuropsychiatric disorders: insights from animal models

  • Yinji Liang, Lili Zou, Yaling Tian, Shuang Zhou, Xinhe Chen, Chenli Lin
  • Journal:
    British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 126 / Issue 12 / 28 December 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    23 February 2021, pp. 1771-1787
    Print publication:
    28 December 2021
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  • Neuropsychiatric disorders are major causes of the global burden of diseases, frequently co-occurring with multiple co-morbidities, especially obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its various risk factors in the metabolic syndrome. While the determining factors of neuropsychiatric disorders are complex, recent studies have shown that there is a strong link between diet, metabolic state and neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. There is no doubt that rodent models are of great value for preclinical research. Therefore, this article focuses on a rodent model of chronic consumption of high-fat diet (HFD), and/or the addition of a certain amount of cholesterol or sugar, meanwhile, summarising the pattern of diet that induces anxiety/depressive-like behaviour and the underlying mechanism. We highlight how dietary and metabolic risk influence neuropsychiatric behaviour in animals. Changes in dietary patterns, especially HFD, can induce anxiety- or depression-like behaviours, which may vary by diet exposure period, sex, age, species and genetic background of the animals used. Furthermore, dietary patterns significantly aggravate anxiety/depression-like behaviour in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. The mechanisms by which diet induces anxiety/depressive-like behaviour may involve neuroinflammation, neurotransmitters/neuromodulators, neurotrophins and the gut–brain axis. Future research should be focused on elucidating the mechanism and identifying the contribution of diet and diet-induced metabolic risk to neuropsychiatric disorders, which can form the basis for future clinical dietary intervention strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.

  • Neuropsychiatric sequelae of Parkinson's disease: what every clinician needs to know

  • David Okai
  • Journal:
    BJPsych Advances / Volume 26 / Issue 6 / November 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 October 2020, pp. 343-345
    Print publication:
    November 2020
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  • Jones et al's review of the assessment and management of the neuropsychiatric manifestations of Parkinson's disease serves as a practical guide to clinicians. This commentary outlines some of the underlying neuroscience and psychological sequelae of this range of conditions, offering a takeaway message to the clinician with an interest in Parkinson's neuropsychiatry.

  • Mental disorders of geriatric inpatients: symptom characteristics and treatment outcome

  • Martin Haupt, Michaela Jänner, Frank Richert
  • Journal:
    International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 33 / Issue 3 / March 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    20 May 2020, pp. 275-283
  • Objectives:

    The aim of this study was to describe neuropsychiatric disorders of geriatric inpatients, to investigate associations of psychopathological symptomatology with clinical variables and to determine its impact on treatment outcome.

    Methods:

    From January to April 2018, treatment data of geriatric inpatient records were collected retrospectively. Clinical diagnoses of neuropsychiatric disorders, that is, depression, dementia, and delirium, were identified. Clinical correlations were calculated by χ2-tests and t-tests. Confounding variables for determined correlations were ascertained by analyses of variance. Functional measurements (Barthel Index, Timed Up and Go, Tinetti Test, and De Morton Immobility Index) were assessed at start and end of geriatric inpatient treatment.

    Results:

    The mean age of the included 280 inpatients was 84 years, 71% were female, and the mean duration of treatment was 19.5 days. Twenty-nine percent of cases suffered from dementia, 27% from depression, and 15% from delirium at the time of geriatric treatment onset. Mentally ill inpatients, in addition, presented with a significantly higher number of comorbidities, compared to the group of mentally healthy inpatients. In contrast to the dementia and the delirium group of inpatients, prescription of analgetics was highest among the mentally healthy inpatients and inpatients with depression. Improvement was observed in each of the defined groups, and significant functional differences between all groups were found.

    Conclusion:

    Neuropsychiatric disorders occur quite often in a geriatric hospital department, especially depression and dementia. Clinical correlations determined in this study suggest a close relationship of mental and somatic disorders in geriatric inpatients. This study further demonstrates that neuropsychiatric disorders in multimorbid, elderly patients do not prevent functional improvement.

  • A role for cognitive remediation therapy for job seekers with neuropsychiatric disorders

  • Kamonnet Wannasewok
  • Journal:
    The Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling / Volume 26 / Issue 1 / July 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 April 2020, pp. 22-25

  • People with mental illness and traumatic brain injury experience difficulties in gaining and maintaining employment and have a higher unemployment rate because of their symptoms and poor social skills including cognitive impairments. Cognitive remediation is an intervention developed to improve cognitive functioning such as attention, memory, and problem-solving, by providing them with specific designed cognitive exercises. After practicing those cognitive tasks repetitively and massively, people with cognitive deficits will improve cognitive processes which lead to better cognitive performance. There is evidence supporting the benefits of cognitive remediation in improving employment-related outcome. Thus, it might have a role for job seekers with neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive dysfunctions.

  • Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment

  • Shoned Jones, Kelli M. Torsney, Lily Scourfield, Katie Berryman, Emily J. Henderson
  • Journal:
    BJPsych Advances / Volume 26 / Issue 6 / November 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    06 February 2020, pp. 333-342
    Print publication:
    November 2020
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  • Historically, Parkinson's disease was viewed as a motor disorder and it is only in recent years that the spectrum of non-motor disorders associated with the condition has been fully recognised. There is a broad scope of neuropsychiatric manifestations, including depression, anxiety, apathy, psychosis and cognitive impairment. Patients are more predisposed to delirium, and Parkinson's disease treatments give rise to specific syndromes, including impulse control disorders, dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome and dopamine dysregulation syndrome. This article gives a broad overview of the spectrum of these conditions, describes the association with severity of Parkinson's disease and the degree to which dopaminergic degeneration and/or treatment influence symptoms. We highlight useful assessment scales that inform diagnosis and current treatment strategies to ameliorate these troublesome symptoms, which frequently negatively affect quality of life.

  • Maternal polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders in offspring: prenatal androgen exposure or genetic confounding?

  • Carolyn E. Cesta, Anna S. Öberg, Abraham Ibrahimson, Ikram Yusuf, Henrik Larsson, Catarina Almqvist, Brian M. D'Onofrio, Cynthia M. Bulik, Lorena Fernández de la Cruz, David Mataix-Cols, Mikael Landén, Mina A. Rosenqvist
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 50 / Issue 4 / March 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    12 March 2019, pp. 616-624
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  • Background

    Maternal polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been proposed as a model for investigating the role of prenatal androgen exposure in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, women with PCOS are at higher risk of developing psychiatric conditions and previous studies are likely confounded by genetic influences.

    Methods

    A Swedish nationwide register-based cohort study was conducted to disentangle the influence of prenatal androgen exposure from familial confounding in the association between maternal PCOS and offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and Tourette's disorder and chronic tic disorders (TD/CTD). PCOS-exposed offspring (n = 21 280) were compared with unrelated PCOS-unexposed offspring (n = 200 816) and PCOS-unexposed cousins (n = 17 295). Associations were estimated with stratified Cox regression models.

    Results

    PCOS-exposed offspring had increased risk of being diagnosed with ADHD, ASD, and TD/CTD compared with unrelated PCOS-unexposed offspring. Associations were stronger in girls for ADHD and ASD but not TD/CTD [ADHD: adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.61 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31–1.99), ASD: aHR = 2.02 (95% CI 1.45–2.82)] than boys [ADHD: aHR = 1.37 (95% CI 1.19–1.57), ASD: aHR = 1.46 (95% CI 1.21–1.76)]. For ADHD and ASD, aHRs for girls were stronger when compared with PCOS-unexposed cousins, but slightly attenuated for boys.

    Conclusions

    Estimates were similar when accounting for familial confounding (i.e. genetics and environmental factors shared by cousins) and stronger in girls for ADHD and ASD, potentially indicating a differential influence of prenatal androgen exposure v. genetic factors. These results strengthen evidence for a potential causal influence of prenatal androgen exposure on the development of male-predominant neuropsychiatric disorders in female offspring of women with PCOS.

  • Korsakoff's syndrome on the MMPI-2

  • Jos I. M. Egger, Arie J. Wester, Hubert R. A. De Mey, Jan J. L. Derksen
  • Journal:
    Acta Neuropsychiatrica / Volume 14 / Issue 5 / October 2002
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 June 2014, pp. 231-236
  • Background:

    This article describes an exploratory study of MMPI-2 administration to 20 patients with Korsakoff's disease, all admitted to the Korsakoff unit of a major psychiatric hospital in the Netherlands.

    Methods:

    We compared their MMPI-2 basic profiles with those of an inpatient alcohol-dependent non-Korsakoff group. Attention was also given to content scales and some selected supplementary scales. Furthermore, we explored the differences between MMPI-2 profiles of Korsakoff patients with and without insight into oneself and one's disease.

    Results:

    Compared with both the Dutch norms and the scale means of the non-Korsakoff alcoholics, Korsakoff patients showed an extraordinary flat profile. Illness insight appeared to be related to the levels of the various scales.

    Discussion:

    The results show the potential usefulness of the MMPI-2 in the differential diagnosis of chronic alcoholism and Korsakoff's disease.

  • Chapter 10 - Grassroots movements in mental health

  • from Section 2 - Advocacy and reduction of stigma
  • Edited by Samuel O. Okpaku
  • Book:
    Essentials of Global Mental Health
    Published online:
    05 March 2014
    Print publication:
    27 February 2014, pp 93-102

  • Summary

    The prevention, care, and rehabilitation of mental disorders are a growing public health problem globally. Addressing the increasing public health burden of mental disorders worldwide requires an understanding of the prevalence, associated disability, and treatment gap associated with these disorders. Community-based psychiatric epidemiological studies provide insights into the magnitude of the burden. Estimates of the prevalence of specific mental disorders in numerous countries globally have been established using either structured or semi-structured interview schedules linked to current diagnostic criteria that have improved the reliability and validity of psychiatric diagnoses. The World Mental Health (WMH) surveys and the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology are cross-national initiatives that have demonstrated that mental disorders are highly prevalent throughout the world. Neuropsychiatric conditions account for a disproportionate amount of burden of disease, although they result in few direct deaths.

  • Neuropsychiatric disorders secondary to neurosyphilis in elderly people: one theme not to be ignored

  • Yan-Li Zeng, Wen-Jie Wang, Hui-Lin Zhang, Fu-Yi Chen, Song-Jie Huang, Gui-Li Liu, Ya Xi, Xiao-Jing Guo, Wei-Hong Zheng, Tian-Ci Yang
  • Journal:
    International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 25 / Issue 9 / September 2013
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    21 June 2013, pp. 1513-1520
  • Background:

    Neurosyphilis (NS) may present with neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by cognitive impairment, personality disorders, and confusion, among others. Very few studies have focused on neuropsychiatric disorders secondary to NS in elderly people.

    Method:

    A retrospective chart review was performed to characterize the psychiatric findings, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, and brain magnetic resonance imaging results of ten elderly inpatients with NS.

    Results:

    In these ten patients, the most common presenting symptoms included a wide variety of psychiatric manifestations. The serum rapid plasma regain (RPR) and Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (TPPA) of the ten patients were positive, with positive CSF TPPA and RPR rates of 100% and 60%, respectively. In addition, 90% of the patients demonstrated abnormal imaging, including cerebral atrophy, infarct ischemic stroke, and hydrocephalus.

    Conclusions:

    Our findings support the importance of serological tests for syphilis as a routine component of the evaluation of patients with clinically evident neurological or psychiatric symptoms. If the serology is positive, all of the patients should be examined with a lumbar puncture. Moreover, psychiatric illnesses secondary to NS in the elderly also deserve medical attention.

  • 31 - Neuropathologicalassessment

  • from Section II - Neurobehavioral and Neuropsychiatric Assessment
  • Edited by David B. Arciniegas, C. Alan Anderson, Christopher M. Filley
  • Book:
    Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry
    Published online:
    05 February 2013
    Print publication:
    24 January 2013, pp 485-497

  • Summary

    This chapter focuses on subtle neurological signs (SNS) in schizophrenia and illustrates the principles of their assessment and interpretation among persons with neuropsychiatric disorders more generally. Growing appreciation of the role of SNS has led to the development of multiple, structured instruments to assess neurological impairment. These instruments differ markedly in the specific neurological signs assessed and in their psychometric properties. The most commonly employed neurological scales (The Woods Scale, The Heidelberger Scale, The Modified Quantified Neurological Scale, The Cambridge Neurological Inventory, and The Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES)) and their characteristics are described. NES is among the most widely used SNS scales in schizophrenia research. Schizophrenia and other psychoses are characterized by the presence of psychotic symptoms, which are frequently divided into positive symptoms and negative symptoms. Research on neurological signs provides strong evidence supporting the conceptualization of neurological signs as a trait feature of schizophrenia.

  • 28 - Electroencephalography

  • from Section II - Neurobehavioral and Neuropsychiatric Assessment
  • Edited by David B. Arciniegas, C. Alan Anderson, Christopher M. Filley
  • Book:
    Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry
    Published online:
    05 February 2013
    Print publication:
    24 January 2013, pp 442-458

  • Summary

    The genetic contribution to many neuropsychiatric disorders is disclosed by obtaining a family history. Patients with dissociative and conversion disorders often present to subspecialists in Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry (BN&NP). BN&NP remains a bastion of bedside medicine in an increasingly technological medical world. The clinician should screen for other symptoms when a dissociative or conversion disorder diagnosis is under consideration. Clinicians should routinely ask about nocturnal sleep timing and duration, sleep quality, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Many patients presenting with psychiatric symptoms have a remote history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and a screening question about TBI should be routine in the psychiatric evaluation. Patients with many cerebral diseases, including incipient degenerative disease, cerebrovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, and past mild TBI, experience cognitive problems that are distressing and noticeable to others but not of a severity sufficient to warrant a diagnosis of dementia.

  • Chapter 27 - Development of Affective Circuitry

  • from Section VII - Individual Differences in Emotion
  • Edited by Jorge Armony, McGill University, Montréal, Patrik Vuilleumier, Université de Genève
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Human Affective Neuroscience
    Published online:
    05 February 2013
    Print publication:
    21 January 2013, pp 611-634

  • Summary

    Moral feelings motivate humans to act on other people's needs or on moral values, even in the absence of negative consequences for not doing so, such as being punished by law enforcement systems. This chapter briefly touches on the evidence that abnormalities in the experience of moral sentiments are important symptoms of specific neuropsychiatric disorders. It reviews evidence on the neuroanatomical basis of moral sentiments and summarizes opposing models of how to explain this evidence. The chapter then addresses the question whether the brain has developed specialized systems for moral motivations (e.g., helping others or society) as opposed to selfish motivations (e.g., seeking monetary rewards). One crude motivational ingredient of complex moral motivations is attachment. Attachment supports pair bonding and mother-offspring bonding in human as well as nonhuman animal species and may be an evolutionary precursor to the motivational states enabling humans to act morally.

  • Chapter 11 - Genetic contributions to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and OCD-related disorders

  • Edited by John I. Nurnberger, Jr, Wade Berrettini, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
  • Book:
    Principles of Psychiatric Genetics
    Published online:
    05 October 2012
    Print publication:
    13 September 2012, pp 121-133

  • Summary

    Gene expression studies in psychiatric disorders have proven to be a useful partner to classic genetics approaches, and combined approaches such as convergent functional genomics (CFG) may provide shortcuts to the discovery of genes and overall understanding of the neurobiology involved. The combined approach has been applied with some success to bipolar disorder, alcoholism, and schizophrenia. For complete understanding of the illness, the analyses then need to be pursued at a biological pathway and mechanistic level, integrating environmental effects as key modulators of gene expression and phenotype manifestation. Progress in quantitative profiling of psychiatric phenotypes, and borrowing of concepts and paradigms from other medical fields that are farther along, such as cancer genetics and genomics, are exciting areas of advance for the near future. A (r)evolution in medical nosology in general, and psychiatric nosology in particular, will occur as a result of such studies.

  • Chapter 11 - Abnormal movements in stroke

  • from Section 1 - Clinical manifestations
  • Edited by Louis R. Caplan, Jan van Gijn
  • Book:
    Stroke Syndromes, 3ed
    Published online:
    05 August 2012
    Print publication:
    12 July 2012, pp 144-157

  • Summary

    This chapter presents a brief background on the rationale for how the cerebellum is engaged in non-motor functions. It discusses the relationship of the cerebellar motor syndrome to the higher order aspects of cerebellar dysfunction. The chapter analyzes the nature of the neuro-behavioral deficits and their relationship to cerebellar structure and vascular anatomy. It examines the clinical relevance of the cognitive and behavioral manifestations of cerebellar stroke in the diagnosis and management of patients with posterior circulation ischemia. In stroke neurology, the natural and appropriate tendency is to consider stroke syndromes as manifestations of occlusions of specific blood vessels. Bedside and office-based tests that the neurologist can administer to detect the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS) should focus on the domains known to be affected, namely, disorders of executive function, visuospatial cognition, language-based tests, and assessment of affect and other neuropsychiatric domains.

  • Effects of omega 3 fatty acids supplementation in behavior and non-neurodegenerative neuropsychiatric disorders

  • R. M. Ortega, E. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, A. M. López-Sobaler
  • Journal:
    British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 107 / Issue S2 / June 2012
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    17 May 2012, pp. S261-S270
    Print publication:
    June 2012
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  • This work provides a systematic review of all published randomised, controlled clinical trials (RCT) investigating the effects of n-3 PUFA intake on the prevention and treatment of non-neurodegenerative neuropsychiatric disorders. Five databases (PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, CINAHL and The Cochrane Database) were searched for RCT in this area published up to April 2011. The selected studies all involved human participants and included a comparison group. Thirty eight studies were identified, which examined the influence of n-3 PUFA supplementation on the prevention/treatment of depression (non-perinatal) (n 23), perinatal depression (n 6) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n 9). Great heterogeneity was noticed in terms of study design, the doses of n-3 PUFA administered, and study duration. Some benefit was noted with respect to the treatment of hyperactivity and depression in over half the examined studies, although the evidence was not conclusive. For any firm conclusions to be drawn, further studies will be needed that take into account the initial n-3 PUFA status of the subjects. Excessive n-3 PUFA intakes might be associated with a greater risk of peroxidation events and therefore neuropsychiatric deterioration. Indeed, some studies only recorded benefits when lower doses were administered. It is therefore important that the dose required to achieve any potential benefit be determined.

  • 12 - Neuroimaging of mood disorders: commentary

  • from Section II - Mood Disorders
    • By Paul E. Holtzheimer III, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA, Helen S. Mayberg, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA
  • Edited by Martha E. Shenton, Bruce I. Turetsky, University of Pennsylvania
  • Book:
    Understanding Neuropsychiatric Disorders
    Published online:
    10 January 2011
    Print publication:
    09 December 2010, pp 197-204

  • Summary

    The field of mood disorders neuroimaging is vibrant, productive and at times chaotic. This chapter first addresses the clear variance between structural and functional neuroimaging study findings of depression and bipolar disorder. When reviewing the mood disorders neuroimaging literature to date, one can appreciate a consistent set of brain regions (including gray and white matter components) as critical to normal and abnormal mood regulation. The consistency across imaging studies in location of abnormality, if not always direction, provides a useful starting point for future investigation. The chapter suggests two primary goals for a mood disorders imaging research agenda: increasing the signal-to-noise ratio for structural and functional imaging studies through technological developments, large-scale multi-center trials and novel analytic methods; and shifting from hypothesis-free to hypothesis-guided investigations based within developing neural network models. It is expected that neuroimaging findings will be able to play a vital role in diagnosis, and treatment development.

  • 17 - Sexual problems

  • from Section 2 - Psychiatric Disorders
  • Edited by Robin M. Murray, King's College London, Kenneth S. Kendler, Virginia Commonwealth University, Peter McGuffin, University of Wales College of Medicine, Simon Wessely, Institute of Psychiatry, London, David J. Castle, University of Melbourne
  • Book:
    Essential Psychiatry
    Published online:
    22 August 2009
    Print publication:
    18 September 2008, pp 395-416

  • Summary

    This chapter concerns emotional, behavioural and developmental disorders that arise in the first two decades of life. Few formal tests or assessments can contribute to the clinical assessment for common behavioural and emotional disorders. Clinical physiological assessments can provide helpful information for neuropsychiatric disorders. Risks for psychopathology occur from a variety of sources both internal and external to the child. Many children and adolescents demonstrate an ability to withstand exposure to risk processes and not develop psychiatric disorders. Disturbances in parent-child relationships in infancy significantly influence the development of psychopathology. Hyperactivity and impulsivity are more closely associated with each other than either is to attentional difficulties. Autistic syndromes are lifelong disorders even in those who show real improvements by young adult life. Child psychiatrists should continue to contribute to basic research aimed at understanding the causes of mental illness and behavioural syndromes.

  • 6 - Olfactory Processing and Brain Maturation

  • from Section I - Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology: Olfactory Clues to Brain Development and Disorder
  • Edited by Warrick J. Brewer, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Melbourne, David Castle, University of Melbourne, Christos Pantelis
  • Foreword by Peter Doherty
  • Book:
    Olfaction and the Brain
    Published online:
    17 August 2009
    Print publication:
    19 October 2006, pp 103-118

  • Summary

    This chapter reviews the limited available data about the maturation of olfactory function in the context of the emergence of disorders of neurodevelopment. It explores how the neurobiology of each of the disorders may lead to the observed deficits in olfactory abilities. The chapter discusses the relationship between olfactory memory and limbic/emotional processes. Understanding the normal maturation of olfactory abilities is relevant to understanding the nature and timing of the disturbances in neuropsychiatric disorders. The chapter also discusses the implications of these principles to disorders of childhood and adolescence. The nature and degree of deficit may also be informative about the nature of any proposed neural compromise. To date, the available studies to inform these hypotheses are limited and further work should focus on longitudinal studies of olfactory abilities from childhood to adulthood in individuals at high risk for various disorders of neurodevelopment.

  • 12 - Comorbidity in mixed states and rapid-cycling forms of bipolar disorders

    • By Peter Brieger, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Halle Germany
  • Edited by Andreas Marneros, Martin Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenburg, Germany, Frederick Goodwin, George Washington University, Washington DC
  • Book:
    Bipolar Disorders
    Published online:
    10 August 2009
    Print publication:
    06 October 2005, pp 263-276

  • Summary

    In recent years, much has been written on the comorbidity of bipolar disorders with other mental illnesses. The comorbidity of medical conditions and bipolar affective disorders is a topic that warrants systematic research. Rapid cycling has been reported in various other neuropsychiatric disorders, such as head injury, stroke, learning disability, or rarer illnesses, such as cerebral sarcoidosis or tuberous sclerosis. Rapid-cycling bipolar affective disorders may concur with higher rates of substance-abuse disorders, but such an idea is mainly based on clinical observation or preliminary data. There is an overall tendency that mixed states and rapid-cycling forms of bipolar affective disorder constitute more unfavorable forms of the underlying illness. Mixed affective episodes have a link with anxiety disorders and anxious-dependent personality disorders. Rapid cycling may have a link with substance abuse and with certain neuropsychiatric disorders, or, perhaps, these neuropsychiatric disorders may mimic rapid cycling.

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