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4 results

  • A cluster analysis of patterns of objectively measured physical activity in Hong Kong

  • Paul H Lee, Ying-Ying Yu, Ian McDowell, Gabriel M Leung, TH Lam
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 16 / Issue 8 / August 2013
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 August 2012, pp. 1436-1444
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  • Objective

    The health benefits of exercise are clear. In targeting interventions it would be valuable to know whether characteristic patterns of physical activity (PA) are associated with particular population subgroups. The present study used cluster analysis to identify characteristic hourly PA patterns measured by accelerometer.

    Design

    Cross-sectional design.

    Setting

    Objectively measured PA in Hong Kong adults.

    Subjects

    Four-day accelerometer data were collected during 2009 to 2011 for 1714 participants in Hong Kong (mean age 44·2 years, 45·9 % male).

    Results

    Two clusters were identified, one more active than the other. The ‘active cluster’ (n 480) was characterized by a routine PA pattern on weekdays and a more active and varied pattern on weekends; the other, the ‘less active cluster’ (n 1234), by a consistently low PA pattern on both weekdays and weekends with little variation from day to day. Demographic, lifestyle, PA level and health characteristics of the two clusters were compared. They differed in age, sex, smoking, income and level of PA required at work. The odds of having any chronic health conditions was lower for the active group (adjusted OR = 0·62, 95 % CI 0·46, 0·84) but the two groups did not differ in terms of specific chronic health conditions or obesity.

    Conclusions

    Implications are drawn for targeting exercise promotion programmes at the population level.

  • 2 - Determinants of obesity

  • from Section 1 - Trends and determinants of obesity in women of reproductive age
  • Edited by Matthew W. Gillman, Lucilla Poston, King's College London
  • Book:
    Maternal Obesity
    Published online:
    05 August 2012
    Print publication:
    19 July 2012, pp 8-19

  • Summary

    Obesity has become a global epidemic. This chapter provides an overview of major risk factors of obesity, including those that are specifically relevant to women of reproductive age. Available data support the roles of unhealthful food choices, a sedentary lifestyle, and inadequate sleep duration in the occurrence of weight gain and obesity. Child bearing related factors such as parity, lactation, breastfeeding, gestational weight gain, and postpartum weight retention also play an important role in long-term weight gain among women. The etiology of obesity also has a genetic component. Research is needed in the most effective ways to prevent weight gain through improving diet and lifestyle, and promoting breastfeeding among women of reproductive age, including individual behavioral changes and creation of a supportive social environment. Minimizing gestational weight gain and reducing weight retention after pregnancy appear to be attractive public health interventions to reduce weight gain or obesity for women.

  • The biochemical basis of the health effects of exercise: an integrative view

  • Frank W. Booth, R. Andrew Shanely
  • Journal:
    Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 63 / Issue 2 / May 2004
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    05 March 2007, pp. 199-203
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  • Physical inactivity–gene interactions result in changes in gene expression, leading to phenotypic changes in the skeletal muscle cell. A subpopulation of those genes that show changes in expression during physical inactivity are candidates for the environment–gene interactions that cross a threshold of biological significance such that overt clinical disease occurs. AMP kinase, GLUT4 and myosin heavy chain IIx are proposed as candidates for physical inactivity-modulated genes that have an altered function that may trigger a crossing of a threshold to disease. Future experiments will be needed to test the validity of the ideas presented.

  • 14 - Diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis

  • from Part III - Disease prevention
  • Edited by Jo Ann Rosenfeld, The Johns Hopkins University
  • Book:
    Women's Health in Mid-Life
    Published online:
    21 August 2009
    Print publication:
    25 March 2004, pp 235-252

  • Summary

    Osteoporosis is a major public health problem, affecting more than 40 million people, one-third of postmenopausal women, and a substantial portion of the elderly in the USA, Europe, and Japan. The risk factors for osteoporosis such as sedentary lifestyle and/or immobility, low bodyweight, cigarette smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption all influence bone mass negatively. The history and physical examination are important in screening for secondary forms of osteoporosis and directing the evaluation, although they are neither sensitive enough nor sufficient for diagnosing primary osteoporosis. The most widely used techniques of assessing bone mineral density are dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and quantitative computerized tomography (CT). Treatment for osteoporosis is instituted to prevent early or continuing bone loss, with the belief that there can be an immediate impact on the patient's wellbeing and a willingness to comply with the patient's desires.