Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T07:49:42.079Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The biochemical basis of the health effects of exercise: an integrative view

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2007

Frank W. Booth  and
R. Andrew Shanely
Frank W. Booth*
Affiliation:
Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Physiology and the Dalton Cardiovascular Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and the Dalton Cardiovascular Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
R. Andrew Shanely
Affiliation:
Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Physiology and the Dalton Cardiovascular Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
*
*Corresponding author: Dr F.W. Booth, Fax: +1 513 884 6890, Email: boothf@missouri.edu
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Physical inactivity–gene interactions result in changes in gene expression, leading to phenotypic changes in the skeletal muscle cell. A subpopulation of those genes that show changes in expression during physical inactivity are candidates for the environment–gene interactions that cross a threshold of biological significance such that overt clinical disease occurs. AMP kinase, GLUT4 and myosin heavy chain IIx are proposed as candidates for physical inactivity-modulated genes that have an altered function that may trigger a crossing of a threshold to disease. Future experiments will be needed to test the validity of the ideas presented.

Keywords

Gene–environment interactionPhysical activity levelsSedentary lifestyle
Type
opening lecture
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 63 , Issue 2 , May 2004 , pp. 199 - 203
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2004

References

Andersen, JL, Gruschy-Knudsen, T, Sandri, C, Larsson, L & Schiaffino, S (1999) Bed rest increases the amount of mismatched fibers in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 86, 455–460.Google Scholar
Åstrand, PO & Rodahl, K (1986) Textbook of Work Physiology: Physiological Bases of Exercise, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Atha, J (1981) Strengthening muscle. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 9, 1–73.Google Scholar
Beaudet, AL, Scriver, CR, Sly, WS & Valle, D (1995) Genetics, biochemistry, and molecular basis of variant human phenotypes. In The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, vol. 1 7th ed., 53–118 [Scriver, CR, Beaudet, AL, Sly, WS, Valle, D, Stanbury, JB, Wyngaarden, JB and Fredrickson, DS, editors]. New York: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division.Google Scholar
Bey, L, Akunuri, N, Zhao, P, Hoffman, EP, Hamilton, DG & Hamilton, MT (2003) Patterns of global gene expression in rat skeletal muscle during unloading and low-intensity ambulatory activity. Physiological Genomics 13, 157–167.Google Scholar
Booth, FW, Chakravarthy, MV, Gordon, SE & Spangenburg, EE (2002) Waging war on physical inactivity: using modern molecular ammunition against an ancient enemy. Journal of Applied Physiology 93, 3–30.Google Scholar
Castro, MJ, Apple, DF Jr, Staron, RS, Campos, GE & Dudley, GA (1999) Influence of complete spinal cord injury on skeletal muscle within 6 mo of injury. Journal of Applied Physiology 86, 350–358.Google Scholar
Chakravarthy, MV & Booth, FW (2003) Exercise Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus.Google Scholar
Coyle, EF, Martin, WH III, Sinacore, DR, Joyner, MJ, Hagberg, JM & Holloszy, JO (1984) Time course of loss of adaptations after stopping prolonged intense endurance training. Journal of Applied Physiology 57, 1857–1864.Google Scholar
Gregory, CM, Vandenborne, K & Dudley, GA (2001) Metabolic enzymes and phenotypic expression among human locomotor muscles. Muscle and Nerve 24, 387–393.Google Scholar
Haggmark, T, Eriksson, E & Jansson, E (1986) Muscle fiber type changes in human skeletal muscle after injuries and immobilization. Orthopedics 9, 181–185.Google Scholar
Hardie, DG, Scott, JW, Pan, DA & Hudson, ER (2003) Management of cellular energy by the AMP-activated protein kinase system. FEBS Letters 546, 113–120.Google Scholar
Holloszy, JO (1967) Biochemical adaptations in muscle. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial oxygen uptake and respiratory enzyme activity in skeletal muscle. Journal of Biological Chemistry 242, 2278–2282.Google Scholar
Holloszy, JO (2003) A forty-year memoir of research on the regulation of glucose transport into muscle. American Journal of Physiology 284, E453–E467.Google Scholar
Hortobagyi, T, Dempsey, L, Fraser, D, Zheng, D, Hamilton, G, Lambert, J & Dohm, L (2000) Changes in muscle strength, muscle fibre size and myofibrillar gene expression after immobilization and retraining in humans. Journal of Physiology (London) 524, 293–304.Google Scholar
Host, HH, Hansen, PA, Nolte, LA, Chen, MM & Holloszy, JO (1998) Rapid reversal of adaptive increases in muscle GLUT-4 and glucose transport capacity after training cessation. Journal of Applied Physiology 84, 798–802.Google Scholar
Hutber, CA, Hardie, DG & Winder, WW (1997) Electrical stimulation inactivates muscle acetyl-CoA carboxylase and increases AMP-activated protein kinase. American Journal of Physiology 272, E262–E266.Google Scholar
Jänkälä, H, Harjola, VP, Petersen, NE & Harkonen, M (1997) Myosin heavy chain mRNA transform to faster isoforms in immobilized skeletal muscle: a quantitative PCR study. Journal of Applied Physiology 82, 977–982.Google Scholar
Kirwan, JP, Kohrt, WM, Wojta, DM, Bourey, RE & Holloszy, JO (1993) Endurance exercise training reduces glucose-stimulated insulin levels in 60- to 70-year-old men and women. Journal of Gerontology 48, M84–M90.Google Scholar
Larsson, L & Ansved, T (1985) Effects of long-term physical training and detraining on enzyme histochemical and functional skeletal muscle characteristic in man. Muscle and Nerve 8, 714–722.Google Scholar
Leff, T (2003) AMP-activated protein kinase regulates gene expression by direct phosphorylation of nuclear proteins. Biochemical Society Transactions 31, 224–227.Google Scholar
Lexell, J, Taylor, CC & Sjostrom, M (1988) What is the cause of the ageing atrophy? Total number, size and proportion of different fiber types studied in whole vastus lateralis muscle from 15- to 83-year-old men. Journal of Neurological Science 84, 275–294.Google Scholar
Lipman, RL, Raskin, P, Love, T, Triebwasser, J, Lecocq, FR & Schnure, JJ (1972) Glucose intolerance during decreased physical activity in man. Diabetes 21, 101–107.Google Scholar
MacLean, PS, Zheng, D, Jones, JP, Olson, AL & Dohm, GL (2002) Exercise-induced transcription of the muscle glucose transporter (GLUT 4) gene. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 292, 409–414.Google Scholar
Morgan, TE, Cobb, LA, Short, FA, Ross, R & Gunn, DR (1971) Effects of long-term exercise on human muscle mitochondria. Advances in Experimental Biology and Medicine 11, 87–95.Google Scholar
Mujika, I & Padilla, S (2001) Muscular characteristics of detraining in humans. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33, 1297–1303.Google Scholar
Neufer, PD, Shinebarger, MH & Dohm, GL (1992) Effect of training and detraining on skeletal muscle glucose transporter (GLUT4) content in rats. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 70, 1286–1290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pattison, JS, Folk, LC, Madsen, RW, Childs, TE, Spangenburg, EE & Booth, FW (2003) Expression profiling identifies dysregulation of myosin heavy chains IIb and IIx during limb immobilization in soleus muscles of old rats. Journal of Physiology (London) 553, 357–368.Google Scholar
Petersen, KF, Befroy, D, Dufour, S, Dziura, J, Ariyan, C, Rothman, DL, DiPietro, L, Cline, GW & Shulman, GI (2003) Mitochondrial dysfunction in the elderly: possible role in insulin resistance. Science 300, 1140–1142.Google Scholar
Petersen, KF & Shulman, GI (2002) Pathogenesis of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Cardiology 90, 11G–18G.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pilegaard, H, Ordway, GA, Saltin, B & Neufer, PD (2000) Transcriptional regulation of gene expression in human skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise. American Journal of Physiology 279, E806–E814.Google Scholar
Random House (1999) Webster's Dictionary. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Rogers, MA, King, DS, Hagberg, JM, Ehsani, AA & Holloszy, JO (1990) Effect of 10 days of physical inactivity on glucose tolerance in master athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology 68, 1833–1837.Google Scholar
Ruderman, NB, Saha, AK, Vavvas, D & Witters, LA (1999) Malonyl-CoA, fuel sensing, and insulin resistance. American Journal of Physiology 276, E1–E18.Google Scholar
Smorawinski, J, Kaciuba-Uscilko, H, Nazar, K, Kubala, P, Kaminska, E, Ziemba, AW, Adrian, J & Greenleaf, JE (2000) Effects of three-day bed rest on metabolic, hormonal and circulatory responses to an oral glucose load in endurance or strength trained athletes and untrained subjects. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 51, 279–289.Google Scholar
Tanner, CJ, Barakat, HA, Dohm, GL, Pories, WJ MacDonald, KG, Cunningham, PR, Swanson, MS & Houmard, JA (2002) Muscle fiber type is associated with obesity and weight loss. American Journal of Physiology 282, E1191–E1196.Google Scholar
Tiret, L (2002) Gene–environment interaction: a central concept in multifactorial diseases. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, 457–463.Google Scholar
Zheng, D MacLean, PS, Pohnert, SC, Knight, JB, Olson, AL, Winder, WW & Dohm, GL (2001) Regulation of muscle GLUT-4 transcription by AMP-activated protein kinase. Journal of Applied Physiology 91, 1073–1083.Google Scholar