Broad approaches to treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults include cognitive-behavioral therapy and dialectical behavior therapy. Credible components of treatment include an emphasis in learning theory, time estimation, temporal discounting, prioritizing/planning, self-instruction, cognitive refraining, and mindfulness. A sidebar discusses co-occurring conditions such as anxiety and depression.

You may not know it, but the tomato has always been the subject of controversy. Botanists debate whether the tomato is a vegetable or a fruit (it is actually a fruit). Linguists debate whether it is pronounced as to-may-toe or to-mah-toe (who cares!). Meanwhile, agricultural economists debate where the best place to produce this nutritious and delicious crop might be.

Individuals can rationally pursue their interests without the preferences and marginal utilities that have long taken center stage in economics. Economics without preferences lays out the microeconomics of individual behavior, markets, and welfare when agents cannot always come to judgment. Although economic theory has claimed that self-interest requires agents to form preferences, individuals can protect themselves from harm by refusing to trade options they cannot rank. Many of the anomalies uncovered by behavioral economics – from status quo bias to loss aversion – thus have a rationality design. The absence of preferences also resolves the puzzle that classical economic agents are almost never indifferent between options whereas real-world agents often are. When individuals cannot judge trade-offs, gaps appear between the marginal valuations of gains and losses. These gaps explain why market prices can be volatile and render orthodox efficiency criteria indecisive. Policymakers will no longer be able to pin down an optimal provision of public goods. Traditional schemes that try to harness preference information to compensate agents harmed by economic change will allow virtually any decision to qualify as efficient. Governments should instead spur productivity growth, the main benefit capitalism can deliver, while shielding agents from the price upheavals that result.

When agents, due to incomplete preferences, fail to have well-defined marginal valuations for goods, a great many government policies will maximize social welfare or achieve efficiency. Welfare economics then becomes useless as a practical guide to decision-making. For example, the values agents assign to increases in a public good will be discretely smaller than the values they assign to decreases. For society as a whole, a large valuation gap will form and a wide range of quantities of the public good will therefore qualify as optimal. Applied welfare economics and cost–benefit analysis bypass this obstacle by paying attention only to agents’ smallest valuations, thus slanting policymaking against public goods. The multiplicity of preferences that agents view as reasonable also neuters Pareto efficiency as a policy guide: virtually any policy change is likely to harm some of the preferences agents deem reasonable.

Florence Boos examines the proliferation of working-class writing in a variety of genres – poetry, fiction, autobiography, and journalism – at a time when there was a significant middle-class interest in forms of working-class culture. This led to the financing and production of publications such as Howitt’s and People’s Journal, Eliza Cook’s Journal, The Literature of Working Men, and the Dundee-based People’s Journal. The broadly class-based nature of the pervasive violence of the period is acknowledged here as a given in works which experiment with form in order to represent the authenticity of the working-class experience. As Boos concludes, ‘an integration of these writings into our conceptions of Victorian authorship can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the latter, as well as greater appreciation of the unique contributions of mid-century British working-class writers to the literary representation of the social issues of their time’.

It is not uncommon for a student to display difficult behaviour at some point in their development. For some students, however, difficult behaviour is so frequent, persistent and severe that it has significant detrimental impacts on their affective, cognitive and behavioural engagement with education and quality of life. Teachers play a critical role in strengthening these students’ engagement with education. This chapter will provide a description of some of the emotional and behavioural disorders witnessed in school-age children and identify the associated behaviours that teachers might see in the classroom. Further, it will review and critique some of the common strategies used in schools to bolster positive behaviour and engagement with education for these vulnerable students.

We live in an era of globalization, in which most producers operate internationally on a global scale. We, as consumers, are affected by events taking place on distant shores – to say we live in an age of interconnectedness is a cliché, but it is still true. Just check out the labels on the clothes in your closet. Your shirts, sweaters, jackets, and jeans were probably not produced in the United States. More likely, they were made in China, Bangladesh, Vietnam, India, Sri Lanka, or Mexico. The same is true for your shoes.

This chapter emphasizes the significance of cultural competency and its relevance to health care through an Islamic lens. While Islamic texts do not directly address cultural competence, they highlight principles aligning with its values and highlight the importance of understanding and respecting various cultures. Addressing the health care needs of Muslim patients necessitates a thorough integration of cultural, religious, and spiritual considerations, recognizing the substantial influence of religion and spirituality on health care decisions. This chapter discusses the importance for public health care practitioners to be equipped with the requisite skills and knowledge to cater to the specific needs of Muslim patients and communities and the adherence to religious beliefs and practices. The foundational principles of cultural competencies, deeply rooted in Islamic values, can be universally applied in health care settings, ensuring health care providers are culturally competent and capable of offering culturally congruent care within an Islamic context.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe mental health condition characterized by a chronic pattern of disturbed interpersonal function, affective instability, impulsive behavior, and an unstable sense of self. BPD has considerable public health importance due to its high burden on patients, families, and health care systems. Common in the general population, BPD is highly prevalent in psychiatric settings. It emerges from the interactions between biological (e.g., genetics, neurobiology, and temperament) and environmental factors (e.g., maltreatment and inadequate support). During adolescence, BPD can be differentiated from other psychopathology as a coherent clinical entity. Longitudinal studies have shown that symptomatic remission is common, although functional recovery is less frequent. Specialized psychotherapies, such as dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and mentalization-based treatment (MBT), are considered the first line of treatment. Generalist approaches, such as good psychiatric management (GPM), have also been found effective. Given that specialized treatment availability is limited, and most clinicians will encounter patients with BPD due to its prevalence, it is critical that generalist clinicians learn how to manage BPD effectively.

This introductory chapter offers a short overview of carbon neutrality, the great expectations surrounding its primary beneficiaries, and the macro opportunities and implications it will have, political, economic, and social. It then quickly narrows the focus to the emerging economies of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, their evolving nature, and the role envisioned for carbon neutrality in their transformation from oil-based to cleaner, knowledge-based economies. Next, the chapter contextualises the challenges facing GCC countries to effectively transition towards carbon neutrality. The gap between the aforementioned interest and potential of carbon neutrality in the region and the scholarly work on the topic is then highlighted, motivating the need for the current volume. The objectives, scope, and expected contributions of the volume are finally presented.

The circular carbon economy (CCE) concept aims to provide a holistic, technology-agnostic, and cost-effective framework for assessing climate change mitigation options and pathways at a global, national, or organisational level with the ultimate goal of full carbon circularity or net zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. To help policy discussions around the CCE, we developed the CCE Index, which covers 30 major economies and oil-producing countries on 47 quantitative indicators in its first edition in 2021. Using the 2021 Edition index results, this chapter compares the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries to their relevant peers. While GCC countries outperform their non-OECD and African peers, there is still room for improvement compared to high-income countries. Our findings suggest that underutilised technologies, such as renewable energy and nuclear energy, have great potential to improve CCE performance in the region. Increased access to sustainable finance and a more ambitious transition investment agenda can better position the region in accelerating the CCE transition. More broadly, the GCC countries should undertake further efforts to increase emissions circularity if they wish to maintain their competitiveness amidst the global transition to net-zero in many performance and enablers areas of the CCE transition.