The four fundamental forms of sociality structure our relationships. By comparing hundreds of cultures across more than 5000 years, this book builds on Relational Models Theory to reveal how each of the four basic types of relationship are conceived in its own distinctive cognitive medium. The text demonstrates how people use their food and bodies to foster affiliation, spatial dimensions to form hierarchy, concrete operations of one-to-one matching to create equality, and employ arbitrary, conventional symbols for proportion-based relationships. Originating from the author's ethnographic fieldwork in a West African village, this innovative social theory integrates findings from social, cognitive, and developmental psychology, linguistics and semiotics, anthropology, archeology, art history, religious studies, and ancient texts. The chapters offer compelling insights into readers' everyday social relations by showing what humans think their social relationships actually are.

‘There is no richer or more complete account of the foundations of human social life. A masterful synthesis of the sciences of mind, culture, evolution, and development, the book culminates decades of work by one of our most original and wide-ranging theorists. Required reading for social scientists of all stripes.'

Nick Haslam - Professor of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Australia