Hostname: page-component-6bb9c88b65-fsdjw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-07-23T02:37:01.788Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Swelling and Texture of Iron-Bearing Smectites Reduced by Bacteria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Will P. Gates ,
Anne-Marie Jaunet ,
Daniel Tessier ,
Michael A. Cole ,
Henry T. Wilkinson  and
Joseph W. Stucki
Will P. Gates
Affiliation:
University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Lab., Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29802, USA Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
Anne-Marie Jaunet
Affiliation:
Science du Sol, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Route de Saint-Cyr, F78026, Versailles, France
Daniel Tessier
Affiliation:
Science du Sol, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Route de Saint-Cyr, F78026, Versailles, France
Michael A. Cole
Affiliation:
Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
Henry T. Wilkinson
Affiliation:
Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
Joseph W. Stucki
Affiliation:
Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Microbial reduction of clay mineral structural Fe(III) decreases the swelling of nontronite gels, most importantly at intermediate oxidation states (40 to 80 cmol Fe(II) kg−1 clay). The purpose of this study was to establish whether microbial reduction of structural Fe(III) decreased the swelling of other Fe-bearing smectites and to discern the influence that organic compounds of microbial origin (bacterial cells, cell fragments and/or exudates) may have on clay swelling and texture. Structural Fe(III) was reduced by incubating smectite suspensions with either a combination of Pseudomonas bacteria or a mixture of anaerobic bacteria. The influence of organics on clay swelling was estimated on smectites suspended in either organic or inorganic media in the absence of bacteria. The gravimetric water content of the reduced clay gels equilibrated at various applied pressures was recorded as a function of Fe oxidation state. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to determine the influence of bacteria and type of media on the texture of reduced smectite gels. Reduction of structural Fe(III) by bacteria decreased the swelling pressure of all Fe-bearing smectites. Increased clay swelling, due to the presence of organics (organic medium, exudates or cell fragments), was correlated to the total Fe content, the extent of structural Fe reduction, as well as the initial swelling characteristics of the Fe-bearing smectites. High structural Fe(II) contents (>50 cmol Fe(II) kg−1) resulted in increased attractive forces between clay platelets that decreased clay swelling, even in organic medium suspensions. Microbial reduction resulted in increased face-face association of individual clay layers, forming larger and more distinct crystallite subunits than in nonreduced clay gels. But, perhaps more importantly, microbial reduction of structural Fe(III) resulted in an increased association between crystallite subunits and, thus, an overall larger particle size and pore size distribution, due to the interaction of bacteria ceils, cell fragments and organic exudates.

Keywords

BacteriaBiological ReductionOrgano-Clay InteractionsSmectitesStructural IronSwelling PressureTexture

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 46 , Issue 5 , October 1998 , pp. 487 - 497
Copyright
Copyright © 1998, The Clay Minerals Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Ben Rhaïem, H. Pons, C.H. Tessier, D., Schultz, L.G. van Olphen, H. and Mumpton, F.A., 1987 Factors affecting the microstructure of smectites: Role of cation and history of applied stresses Proc Int Clay Conf Denver, CO. Bloomington, IN Clay Miner Soc. 292–297.Google Scholar
Chenu, C., 1989 Influence of a polysaccharide, scleroglucan, on clay microstructures Soil Biol Biochem 21 299–305 10.1016/0038-0717(89)90108-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chenu, C. and Jaunet, A.-M., 1990 Modifications de l’organisation texturale d’une montmorillonite calcique liées à l’adsorption d’un polysaccharide CR Acad Sci Paris; t. 310 11 975–980.Google Scholar
Egashira, K. and Ohtsubo, M., 1983 Swelling and mineralogy of smectites in paddy soils derived from marine alluvium, Japan Geoderma 29 119–127 10.1016/0016-7061(83)90036-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ernstsen, V. Gates, W.P. and Stucki, J.W., 1998 Microbial reduction of structural iron in clays-A renewable source of reduction capacity J Environ Qual 27 761–766 10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700040006x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, M.D., 1953 Geochemical studies of clay minerals: II. Relation between ionic substitution and swelling in montmorillonites Am Mineral 38 994–1006.Google Scholar
Gates, W.P. Stucki, J.W. and Kirpatrick, R.J., 1996 Structural properties of reduced Upton montmorillonite Phys Chem Mineral 23 535–541 10.1007/BF00242003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gates, W.P. Wilkinson, H.T. and Stucki, J.W., 1993 Swelling properties of microbially reduced ferruginous smectite Clays Clay Miner 41 360–364 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hetzel, F. Tessier, D. Jaunet, A.-M. and Doner, H., 1994 The microstructure of three Na+ smectites: The importance of particle geometry on dehydration and rehydration Clays Clay Miner 42 242–248 10.1346/CCMN.1994.0420302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khaled, E.M. and Stucki, J.W., 1991 Effects of iron oxidation state on cation fixation in smectites Soil Sci Soc Am J 55 550–554 10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500020045x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komadel, P. and Stucki, J.W., 1988 Quantitative assay of minerals for Fe2+ and Fe3+ using 1,10-phenanathroline: III. A rapid photochemical method Clays Clay Miner 36 379–381 10.1346/CCMN.1988.0360415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komadel, P. Stucki, J.W. Wilkinson, H.T., Galán, E. Pérez-Rodriquez, J.L. and Cornejo, J., 1987 Reduction of structural iron in smectites by microorganisms Proc. 6th Meet European Clay Groups 322–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostka, J.M. Nealson, K.H. Wu, J. and Stucki, J.W., 1996 Reduction of structural Fe(III) in smectite by a pure culture of Shewanella putrefaciens strain MR-1 Clays Clay Miner 44 522–529 10.1346/CCMN.1996.0440411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, D.A. Barriuso, E. Dowdy, R.H. and Koskinen, W.C., 1992 Adsorption of atrazine on smectite Soil Sci Soc Am J 56 62–67 10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600010010x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lear, P.R. and Stucki, J.W., 1989 Effects of iron oxidation state on the specific surface area of nontronite Clays Clay Miner 37 547–552 10.1346/CCMN.1989.0370607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madejovâ, J. Komadel, P. and Cicel, B., 1994 Infrared study of octahedral site populations in smectites Clay Miner 29 319–326 10.1180/claymin.1994.029.3.03.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malla, P.B. Robert, M. Douglas, L.A. Tessier, D. and Komameni, S., 1993 Charge heterogeneity and nanostructure of 2:1 layer silicates by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy Clays Clay Miner 41 412–422 10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Permien, T. and Lagaly, G., 1994 The rheological and colloidal properties of bentonite dispersions in the presence of organic compounds: II. Flow behavior of Wyoming bentonite in water-alcohol Clay Miner 29 761–766.Google Scholar
Shen, S. Stucki, J.W. and Boast, C.W., 1992 Effects of structural iron reduction on the hydraulic conductivity of Na-smectite Clays Clay Miner 40 381–386 10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stucki, J.W., Stucki, J.W. Goodman, B.A. and Schwertmann, U., 1988 Structural iron in smectites Iron in soils and clay minerals D Reidel Dordrecht, Netherlands 305–428.Google Scholar
Stucki, J.W. Bailey, G.W. and Gan, H., 1996 Oxidation-reduction mechanisms in iron-bearing phyllosilicates Appl Clay Sci 10 417–430 10.1016/0169-1317(96)00002-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stucki, J.W. Golden, D.C. and Roth, C.B., 1984 The preparation and handling of dithionite reduced smectite suspensions Clays Clay Miner 32 191–197 10.1346/CCMN.1984.0320306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stucki, J.W. Golden, D.C. and Roth, C.B., 1984 The effect of reduction and reoxidation on the surface charge and dissolution of dioctahedral smectites Clays Clay Miner 32 350–356 10.1346/CCMN.1984.0320502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stucki, J.W. Golden, D.C. and Roth, C.B., 1984 Effects of oxidation state of octahedral iron on clay swelling Clays Clay Miner 32 191–197 10.1346/CCMN.1984.0320306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stucki, J.W. Komadel, P. and Wilkinson, H.T., 1987 Microbial reduction of structural iron(III) in smectites Soil Sci Soc Am J. 51 1663–1665 10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100060047x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stucki, J.W. and Tessier, D., 1991 Effects of iron oxidation state on the texture and structural order of Na-nontronite Clays Clay Miner 39 137–143 10.1346/CCMN.1991.0390204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tessier, D., 1984 Etude expérimentale de l’organisation des matériaux argileux .Google Scholar
Tessier, D. Pédro, G., Schultz, L.G. van Olphen, H. and Mumpton, F.A., 1987 Mineralogical characterization of 2:1 clays in soils: Importance of the clay texture Proc Int Clay Conf; 1985 Denver, CO. IN Clay Miner Soc. 78–84.Google Scholar
Thornton, H.C., 1922 On the development of a standardized agar medium for counting soil bacteria, with especial regard to the repression of spreading colonies Annal Appl Biol 9 241–274 10.1111/j.1744-7348.1922.tb05958.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, J. Roth, C.B. and Low, P.F., 1988 Biological reduction of structural iron in Na-nontronite Soil Sci Soc Am J 52 295–296 10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200010054x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar