Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-9b74x Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-08-20T03:49:49.591Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Secondary faulting, a consequence of a single continuous bifurcation process

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2009

Dov Bahat
Dov Bahat*
Affiliation:
Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Fracture propagation in the crust under post-critical conditions (rapid propagation), and possibly in some instances even under sub-critical conditions (slow propagation) can produce fracture-branching in a single continuous process. Later local or regional stresses result in displacements along the fractures and secondary faulting develops. This concept can explain various secondary features like conditions of branching, branching-angle and shallow secondary faults. The splaying of the Hope Fault in New Zealand is primarily a result of early fracture bifurcation and later minor displacements.

Information

Type
Articles
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 117 , Issue 4 , July 1980 , pp. 373 - 380
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Anderson, E. M. 1951. The Dynamics of Faulting, 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Andersson, H. 1969. Stress-intensity factors at the tips of a star-shaped contour in an infinite tensile sheet. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 17, 405–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anthony, S. R., Chubb, J. P. & Congleton, J. 1970. The crack branching velocity. Phil. Mag. 22, 1201–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bahat, D. 1979(a). Theoretical considerations on mechanical parameters of joint surfaces based on studies on ceramics. Geol. Mag. 116, 81–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bahat, D. 1979(b). A new concept related to the initial evolution of the East African Rift System. Abstr. Int. Symp., Rome. Geodynamic Evolution of the Afro-Arabian Rift System, pp. 3–4.Google Scholar
Ball, A. & Payne, B. W. 1977. The propagation and bifurcation of cracks in quartz. Fract. 3, ICF4, Canada, pp. 971–8.Google Scholar
Bock, H. 1971. Computer simulation of second order faults. Rock Mech. 3, 225–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bollinger, G. A. 1970. Fault length and fracture velocity of the Kyushu, Japan, earthquake of October 3, 1963. J. geophys. Res. 75, 955–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlsson, J. 1962. Trans. Royal Inst. of Techn., Stockholm, no. 189.Google Scholar
Chinnery, M. A. 1966(a). Secondary faulting. I. Theoretical aspects. Can. J. Earth Sci. 3, 163–74.Google Scholar
Chinnery, M. A. 1966(b). Secondary faulting. II. Geological aspects. Can. J. Earth Sci. 3, 175–90.Google Scholar
Clark, A. B. J. & Irwin, G. R. 1966. Crack propagation behaviors. Exp. Mech. 6, 321–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cloos, E. 1932. ‘Feather Joints’ as indicators of the direction of movements on faults, thrusts, joints and magmatic contacts. Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 18, 387–95.Google ScholarPubMed
Cloos, H. 1936. Einführug in die Geologie. Gebruder Borntraeger, p. 258–72.Google Scholar
Congleton, J. & Petch, N. J. 1967. Crack-branching. Phil. Mag. 15, 755–60.Google Scholar
Congleton, J., Petch, N. J. & Shiels, S. A. 1969. The brittle fracture of alumina below 1000°C. Phil. Mag. 19, 795–807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Sitter, L. U. 1964. Structural Geology. McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Freund, R. 1974. Kinematics of transform and transcurrent faults. Tectonophysics 21, 93–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, M. & Logan, J. M. 1970. Microscopic feather fractures. Bull. geol. Soc. Amer. 81, 3417–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffith, A. A. 1920. The phenomenon of rupture and flow in solids. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 221, 163–98.Google Scholar
Haimson, B. C. 1975. The state of stress in the earth's crust. Rev. Geophys. & Space Phys. 13, 350–2, 381–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, A. 1965. Physical Geology. London: Nelson.Google Scholar
Hubbert, M. K. 1951. Mechanical basis for certain familiar geologic structures. Bull. geol. Soc. Am. 62, 355–72.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. W. & Holloway, D. G. 1966. On the shape and size of fracture zones on glass fracture surfaces. Phil. Mag. 14, 731–43.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. W. & Holloway, D. G. 1968. Microstructures on the mist zone on glass fracture surfaces. Phil. Mag. 17, 899–910.Google Scholar
Kalthoff, J. F. 1972. On the propagation direction of bifurcated cracks. In Dynamic Crack Propagation (ed. Sih, G. C.), pp. 449–58. Leyden: Noordhoff.Google Scholar
Kirchner, H. P. 1978. The strain intensity criterion for crack branching in ceramics. Engin. Fracture Mech. 10, 283–8.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, A., Ohtani, N. & Sato, T. 1978. Strain rate effects on viscoelastic crack bifurcation. Engin. Fracture Mech. 10, 75–9.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, A. S., Wade, B. G., Bradley, W. B. & Chiu, S. T. 1974. Crack branching in Homalite – 100 sheets. Engin. Fracture Mech. 6, 81–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lajtai, E. Z. 1968. Brittle fracture in direct shear and the development of second order faults and tension gashes. Proc. Conf. Research in Tectonics: Geol. Soc. Can. 68 52, 96–112.Google Scholar
Lawn, B. R. & Wilshaw, T. R. 1975. Fracture of Brittle Solids. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McKinstry, H. E. 1953. Shears of the second order. Am. J. Sci. 251, 401–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moody, J. D. & Hill, M. J. 1956. Wrench-fault tectonics. Bull. geol. Soc. Am. 67, 1207–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nur, A. & Ben-Avraham, Z. 1978. The Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant: Tectonics of continental collision. Tectonophysics 46, 297–311.Google Scholar
Petrovic, J. J. & Mendiratta, M. G. 1976. Mixed-mode fracture from controlled surface flaws in hot-pressed Si3N4 . J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 59, 163–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, N. J. 1969. A dynamic mechanism for the development of second order faults. Proc. Conf. Research in Tectonics: Geol. Soc. Can. 68 52, 49–71.Google Scholar
Rabinovitch, A. & Bahat, D. 1979. Catastrophe theory: a technique for crack propagation analysis. J. Appl. Phys. 50, 231–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schardin, H. 1959. Velocity effects in fracture. In Fracture (ed. Auerbach, B. L.), pp. 297–330. John Wiley.Google Scholar
Syme Gash, P. J. (1971). A study of surface features relating to brittle and semi brittle fracture. Tectonophysics 12, 349–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoffe, H. H. 1951. The moving Griffith crack. Phil. Mag. 112, 739–50.Google Scholar