Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-pvkqz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-07-31T23:38:52.922Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Almacık mafic-ultramafic complex: exhumed Sakarya subcrustal mantle adjacent to the İstanbul Zone, NW Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 October 2012

ERDİN BOZKURT ,
JOHN A. WINCHESTER ,
MUHARREM SATıR ,
QUENTIN G. CROWLEY  and
CHRISTIAN J. OTTLEY
ERDİN BOZKURT*
Affiliation:
Middle East Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, Üniversiteler Mahallesi, Dumlupınar Bulvarı No: 1, Çankaya, TR–06800 Ankara, Turkey
JOHN A. WINCHESTER
Affiliation:
Earth Science & Geography, School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
MUHARREM SATıR
Affiliation:
Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 56, D–72074 Tübingen, Germany
QUENTIN G. CROWLEY
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
CHRISTIAN J. OTTLEY
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Sciences, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
*
†Author for correspondence: erdin@metu.edu.tr
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Almacık Mountains in northwestern Turkey expose an upper-amphibolite-facies complex consisting of alternating ultramafic (harzburgitic and websteritic) and mafic (metagabbroic) rock types. In the eastern part of this complex are island arc meta-tholeiites and transitional to calc-alkaline metabasites that are chemically quite similar to those of the Permo-Triassic Çele mafic complex north of Bolu, and this suggests an equivalence. However, much of the section exposes structurally deeper and chemically different mafic and ultramafic rocks, which have no equivalent in the Çele mafic complex, and isotopic dating has suggested that these rocks also formed during the Permian period and underwent Triassic and Jurassic metamorphism. Furthermore, sparse inherited ages, unlike those from İstanbul Zone granitoids, suggest a link with North African-derived Armorican-type basement (and hence the Sakarya Zone), rather than Amazonia-derived Avalonian basement. Alternating mafic and ultramafic rocks suggest structural repetition, supported by the exposure of discrete high-strain zones or poorly exposed shattered rock west of each outcrop of ultramafic rocks. The high grade of metamorphism, and the absence of either extrusive lavas or sheeted dyke rocks, suggests that the Almacık complex was not an ophiolite, but formed instead as subcontinental lower crust and subjacent mantle. Dominantly calc-alkaline geochemistry suggests that it formed the basement to an active continental margin bounding the north side of the Sakarya Continent, with S-dipping subduction of Palaeotethys. The Almacık complex was uplifted as a late result of compression against the southern margin of the İstanbul Zone in the Jurassic period. Lack of coeval high-grade metamorphism in the İstanbul Zone indicates that the latter was overthrust southwards over the Sakarya margin, and that there was therefore a change of subduction polarity in the Triassic period. The evidence further casts doubt on the existence of a Mesozoic Intra-Pontide Ocean in northwestern Turkey and suggests that the latest Permian magmatism, with subsequent Triassic and Jurassic metamorphism, was instead related to the closure of the Palaeotethyan Ocean.

Keywords

Almacık complexSakarya Continentsubcontinental mantleJurassic metamorphismIntra-Pontide OceanPalaeotethys

Information

Type
Original Articles
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 150 , Issue 2 , March 2013 , pp. 254 - 282
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abdüsselamoǧlu, M. S. 1959. Almacıkdağı ile Mudurnu ve Göynük Civarının Jeolojisi [Geology of Almacıkdağı, Mudurnu and Göynük Region]. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi Monografileri 14 [in Turkish].Google Scholar
Akartuna, M. 1968. Armutlu Yarımadası’nın Jeolojisi [Geology of Armutlu Peninsula]. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Monografileri 20 [in Turkish].Google Scholar
Akbayram, K., Okay, A. I. & Satır, M. 2012. Early Cretaceous closure of the Intra-Pontide Ocean in western Pontides (northwestern Turkey). Journal of Geodynamics, published online 6 June 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.jog.2012.05.003.Google Scholar
Altıner, D., Koçyİğİt, A., Farinacci, A., Nicosia, U. & Conti, M. A. 1991. Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleogeographic evolution of the southern part of north-western Anatolia. Geologica Romana 28, 13–80.Google Scholar
Arpat, E., Tütüncü, K., Uysal, S. & Göğer, E. 1978. Safranbolu alanında Kambriyen–Devoniyen istifi [Cambrian–Devonian sequence of Safranbolu area]. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu 32. Bilimsel ve Teknik Kurultayı, Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı, 67–8.Google Scholar
Aumento, F. 1969. Diorites from the mid-Atlantic ridge at 45°N. Science 165, 1112–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aydın, Y. 1988. Geology of the Yıldız mountains. Selçuk University, Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 2, 61–74 [in Turkish].Google Scholar
Aydın, M., Demİr, O., Özçelİk, Y., Terzİoğlu, N. & Satır, M. 1995. A geological revision of İnebolu, Devrekani, Ağlı and Küre areas: new observations in Paleo-Tethys – Neo-Tethys sedimentary successions. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Geology of the Black Sea Region (eds Erler, A., Ercan, T., Bingöl, E. & Örçen, S.), pp. 33–8. Ankara: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü (MTA), Special Publication.Google Scholar
Aydın, M., Şahİntürk, Ö., Serdar, H. S. S., Özçelİk, Y., Akarsu, İ., Güngör, A., Çokuğraş, R. & Kasar, S. 1985. Çamdağ (Sakarya) – Sünnice dağı (Bolu) yöresinin jeolojisi [Geology of Çamdağ (Sakarya) – Sünnice dağı (Bolu) region]. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 30, 1–14.Google Scholar
Bayer, U., Scheck, M., Rabbel, W., Krawczyk, C. M., Gotze, H. J., Stiller, M., Beilecke, Th., Marotta, A.-M., Barrio-Alvers, L. & Kuder, J. 1999. An integrated study of the NE German Basin. Tectonophysics 314, 285–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J. A., Yİğİtbaş, E. & Ottley, C. J. 2008. Proterozoic ophiolites and mafic-ultramafic complexes marginal to the İstanbul Block: an exotic zone of Avalonian affinity in NW Turkey. Tectonophysics 461, 240–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boztuğ, D., Debon, R., Le Fort, P. & Yılmaz, O. 1984. Geochemical characteristics of some plutons from the Kastamonu granitoid belt, northern Anatolia, Turkey. Schweizerische Mineralogische un Petrographische Mitteilungen 64, 389–403.Google Scholar
Boztuğ, D. & Yılmaz, O. 1995. Daday-Devrekani Masifi metamorfizması ve jeolojik evrimi, Kastamonu bölgesi, Batı Pontidler, Türkiye [Metamorphism and geological evolution of the Daday-Devrekani Massif, Kastamonu region, Western Pontides, Northern Turkey]. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 38, 33–52.Google Scholar
Casey, J. F. 1997. Comparison of major- and trace-element geochemistry of abyssal peridotites and mafic plutonic rocks with basalts from the MARK region of the mid-Atlantic ridge. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, vol. 153 (eds Karson, J. A., Cannat, M., Miller, D. J. & Elthon, D.), pp. 181–241. College Station, Texas.Google Scholar
Çelİk, Ö. F., Gürer, Ö. F., Aldanmaz, E., Spell, T. & Öz, İ. 2009. Armutlu Yarımadası ve Almacıkdağ amfibolitik kayaçları için izotop ve jeokimyasal sınırlamalar [Isotopic and geochemical constraints for the amphibolitic rocks of Armutlu Peninsula and Almacıkdağ]. In Abstracts, 62nd Geological Kurultai of Turkey, p. 466.Google Scholar
Çelİk, Ö. F., Marzoli, A., Marschik, R., Chiaradia, M., Neubauer, F. & Öz, İ. 2011. Early–Middle Jurassic intra-oceanic subduction in the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Ocean, Northern Turkey. Tectonophysics 509, 120–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, F., Siebel, W., Satır, M., Terzİoğlu, M. N. & Saka, K. 2002. Geochronology of the Karadere basement, NW Turkey and implications for the geological evolution of the İstanbul Zone. International Journal of Earth Sciences 91, 469–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dallmeyer, R. D., Neubauer, F. & Fritz, H. 2008. The Meliata suture in the Carpathians: regional significance and implications for the evolution of the high-pressure wedges within collisional orogens. In Tectonic Aspects of the Alpine-Dinaride-Carpathian System (eds Siegesmund, S., Fügenschuh, B. & Froitzheim, N.), pp. 101–15. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 298.Google Scholar
Dean, W. T., Monod, O., Rickards, B., Demir, O. & Bultynck, P. 2000. Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy and palaeontology, Karadere-Zirze area, Pontus Mountains, northern Turkey. Geological Magazine 137, 555–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derman, A. S. 1990. Batı Karadeniz bölgesinin geç Jura ve erken Kretase'deki jeolojik evrimi [Late Jurassic –early Cretaceous geological evolution of the western Black Sea region]. In Proceedings of 8th International Petroleum Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, pp. 328–39 [in Turkish].Google Scholar
Dick, H. J. B., Ozawa, K., Meyer, P. S., Niu, Y., Robinson, P. T., Constantin, M., Hebert, R., Maeda, J., Natland, J. H., Hirth, J. G. & Mackie, S. M. 2002. Primary silicate mineral chemistry of a 1.5-km section of very slow spreading lower ocean crust: ODP Hole 735B, Southwest Indian Ridge. In Proceedings of Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, vol. 176 (eds Natland, J. H., Dick, H. J. B., Miller, D. J. & Von Herzen, R. P.), pp. 1–61. College Station, Texas.Google Scholar
Dİlek, Y., Furnes, H. & Shallo, M. 2008. Geochemistry of the Jurassic Mirdita ophiolite (Albania) and the MORB to SSZ evolution of a marginal basin oceanic crust. Lithos 100, 174–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dİlek, Y. & Thy, P. 2006. Age and petrogenesis of plagiogranite intrusions in the Ankara, mélange, central Turkey. Island Arc 15, 44–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dİlek, Y. & Thy, P. 2009. Island arc tholeiite to boninitic melt evolution of the Cretaceous Kizildag (Turkey) ophiolite: model for multi-stage early arc-forearc magmatism in Tethyan subduction factories. Lithos 113, 68–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elmas, A. & Yİğİtbaş, E. 2001. Ophiolite emplacement by strike-slip tectonics between the Pontide Zone and the Sakarya Continent in northwestern Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 90, 257–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elmas, A. & Yİğİtbaş, E. 2005. Comment on ‘Tectonic evolution of the Intra-Pontide suture zone in the Armutlu Peninsula, NW Turkey’ by Robertson and Ustaömer. Tectonophysics 405, 213–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elmas, A., Yılmaz, İ., Yİğİtbaş, E. & Ullrıch, T. 2011. A Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous metamorphic core complex, Strandja Massif, NW Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 100, 1251–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floyd, P. A. & Castillo, P. R. 1992. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Jurassic ocean crust basalts, ODP Leg 129, Site 801. In Proceedings of Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, vol. 129 (eds Larson, R. L., Lancelot, Y., Fisher, A. & Winterer, E. L.), pp. 361–88. College Station, Texas.Google Scholar
Genç, C. Ş. & Tüysüz, O. 2010. Tectonic setting of the Jurassic bimodal magmatism in the Sakarya Zone (Central and Western Pontides), Northern Turkey: a geochemical and isotopic approach. Lithos 118, 95–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Göncüoğlu, M. C. & Erendil, M. 1990. Armutlu yarımadasının Geç Kretase öncesi tektonik birimleri [Pre-Late Cretaceous tectonic units of Armutlu Peninsula]. In Abstracts, Türkiye 8. Petrol Kongresi, Ankara, pp. 161–8 [in Turkish].Google Scholar
Göncüoğlu, M. C., Gürsu, S., Tekin, U. K. & Köksal, S. 2008. New data on the evolution of the Neotethyan oceanic branches in Turkey: Late Jurassic ridge spreading in the Intra-Pontide branch. Ofioliti 33, 153–64.Google Scholar
Görür, N., Monod, O., Okay, A. I., Şengör, A. M. C., Tüysüz, O., Yİğİtbaş, E., Sakınç, M. & Akkök, R. 1997. Palaeogeographic and tectonic position of the Carboniferous rocks of the western Pontides (Turkey) in the frame of the Variscan belt. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 168, 197–205.Google Scholar
Görür, N. & Okay, A. I. 1996. A fore-arc origin for the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. Geologische Rundschau 85, 662–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gözübol, A. M. 1980. Geological investigation of the Mudurnu-Dokurcan-Abant area (Bolu Province) and the structural behaviour of the North Anatolian Transform Fault. İstanbul Universitesi, Fen Fakültesi Mecbuası, Seri B 45, 18–22.Google Scholar
Grad, M., Guterch, A. & Mazur, S. 2002. Seismic refraction evidence for crustal structure in the central part of the Trans-European Suture Zone in Poland. 2002. In Palaeozoic Amalgamation of Central Europe (eds Winchester, J. A., Pharaoh, T. C. & Verniers, J.), pp. 295–309. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 201.Google Scholar
Haas, W. 1968. Das Alt-Paläozoikum von Bithynien (Nordwest Türkei). Neues Jahrbuch fuer Mineralogie, Geologie, und Palaentologie, Abhandlungen 131, 178–242.Google Scholar
Irvine, T. N. & Baragar, W. R. A. 1971. A guide to the chemical classification of the common rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 8, 523–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karaoğlan, F., Parlak, O., Klötzli, U., Thöni, M. & Koller, F. In press. U-Pb and Sm-Nd geochronology of the Kızıldağ (Hatay, Turkey) ophiolite: implications for the timing and duration of suprasubduction zone type oceanic crust formation in the southern Neotethys. Geological Magazine. doi: 10.1017/S0016756812000477 Google Scholar
Kaya, O. 1977. Gemlik-Orhangazi alanının Paleozoyik temel yapısına yaklaşım [An approach to the structure of the Palaeozoic basement in the Gemlik-Orhangazi region]. Yerbilimleri, Hacettepe Üniversitesi 3, 115–18 [in Turkish].Google Scholar
Kaya, O. & Kozur, H. 1987. A new and different Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sedimentary assemblage in northwestern Turkey (Gemlik, Bursa): implications for the pre-Jurassic and Early Cretaceous tectonic evolution. Yerbilimleri 14, 253–68.Google Scholar
Koçyİğİt, A., Altıner, D., Farinacci, A., Nicosia, U. & Conti, M. A. 1991. Late Triassic–Aptian evolution of the Sakarya divergent margin: implications for the opening history of the northern Neo-Tethys, in North-western Anatolia, Turkey. Geologica Romanna 27, 81–99.Google Scholar
Koepke, J., Feig, S. T., Snow, J. & Freise, M. 2004. Petrogenesis of oceanic plagiogranites by partial melting of gabbros: an experimental study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 146, 414–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konstantinou, A., Wirth, K. R. & Vervoort, J. 2007. U-Pb isotopic dating of Troodos plagiogranite, Cyprus by LA-ICP-MS. In 2007 GSA Denver Annual Meeting (28–31 October 2007), Paper No. 143-16.Google Scholar
Kozur, H., Aydın, M., Demür, O., Yakar, H., Göncüoğlu, M. C. & Kuru, F. 2000. New stratigraphic and palaeogeographic results from the Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic of the Middle Pontides (northern Turkey) in the Azdavay, Devrekani, Küre and İnebolu areas: implications for the Carboniferous–Early Cretaceous geodynamic evolution and some related remarks to the Karakaya oceanic rift basin. Geologica Croatica 53, 209–68.Google Scholar
Liati, A., Gebauer, D. & Fanning, C. M. 2004. The age of ophiolitic rocks of the Hellenides (Vourinos, Pindos, Crete): first U-Pb ion microprobe (SHRIMP) zircon ages. Chemical Geology 207, 171–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moix, P., Beccaletto, L., Kozur, H. W., Hochard, C., Rosselet, F. & Stampfli, G. M. 2008. A new classification of the Turkish zones and its implication for paleotectonic history of the region. Tectonophysics 451, 7–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukasa, S. B. & Ludden, J. N. 1987. Uranium-lead ages of plagiogranites from the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus, and their tectonic significance. Geology 15, 825–8.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Natal'in, B. A., Sunal, G., Satır, M. & Toraman, E. 2012. Tectonics of the Strandja Massif, NW Turkey: history of a long-lived arc at the northern margin of Palaeo-Tethys. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 21, 755–98.Google Scholar
Natal'in, B. A., Sunal, G. & Toraman, E. 2005. The Strandja arc: anatomy of collision after long-lived arc parallel tectonic transport. In Structural and Tectonic Correlation Across the Central Asia Orogenic Collage: North-Eastern Segment. Guidebook and Abstract Volume of the Siberian Workshop IGCP-480 (ed. Sklyarov, E. V.), pp. 240–5. Irkutsk: IEC SB RAS.Google Scholar
Nzegge, O. M. & Satır, M. 2007. Geochronology of the basement of the Central Pontides, NW Turkey: a confirmation of Eurasian origin. Geophysical Research Abstracts 9, 08626.Google Scholar
Okay, A. I. 2000. Was the Late Triassic orogeny in Turkey caused by the collision of an oceanic plateau? In Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and Surrounding Area (eds Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J. A. & Piper, J. D. A.), pp. 25–41. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 173.Google Scholar
Okay, A. I. 2008. Geology of Turkey: a synopsis. Anschnitt 21, 19–42.Google Scholar
Okay, A. I., Bozkurt, E., Satır, M., Yİğİtbaş, E., Crowley, Q. C. & Shang, C. K. 2008. Defining the southern margin of Avalonia in the Pontides: geochronological data from the Late Proterozoic and Ordovician granitoids from NW Turkey. Tectonophysics 461, 252–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okay, A. I. & Göncüoğlu, C. 2004. The Karakaya Complex: a review of data and concepts. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13, 77–97.Google Scholar
Okay, A. I. & Monié, P. 1997. Early Mesozoic subduction in the Eastern Mediterranean: evidence from Triassic eclogite in northwest Turkey. Geology 25, 595–8.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okay, A. I., Monod, O. & Monié, P. 2002. Triassic blueschists and eclogites from northwest Turkey: vestiges of the Paleo-Tethyan subduction. Lithos 64, 155–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okay, A. I., Satır, M., Maluski, H., Siyako, M., Monie, P., Metzger, R. & Akyüz, S. 1996. Paleo- and Neo-Tethyan events in northwestern Turkey: geologic and geochronologic constraints. In Paleo- and Neo-Tethyan Events in Northwestern Turkey: Geologic and Geochronologic Constraints (eds Yin, A. & Harrison, M.), pp. 420–41. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Okay, A. I., Satır, M. & Siebel, W. 2006. Pre-Alpide orogenic events in the Eastern Mediterranean region. In European Lithosphere Dynamics (eds Gee, D. G. & Stephenson, R. A.), pp. 389–405. Geological Society of London, Memoirs 32.Google Scholar
Okay, A. I., Satır, M., Tüysüz, O., Akyüz, S. & Chen, F. 2001. The tectonics of the Strandja Massif: Variscan and mid-Mesozoic deformation and metamorphism in the northern Aegean. Geologische Rundschau 90, 217–33.Google Scholar
Okay, A. I., Şengör, A. M. C. & Görür, N. 1994. Kinematic history of the opening of the Black Sea and its effect on the surrounding regions. Geology 22, 267–70.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okay, A. I., Sunal, G., Sherlock, S. & Tüysüz, O. 2010. Jurassic high-temperature metamorphism in the Central Pontides. In Abstracts, 63rd Geological Congress of Turkey.Google Scholar
Okay, A. I. & Tüysüz, O. 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In Tethyan Sutures of Northern Turkey (eds Durand, B., Jolivet, L., Horvath, F. & Seranne, M.), pp. 475–515. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 156.Google Scholar
Okay, A. I., Tüysüz, O., Satır, M., Özkan-Altıner, S., Altıner, D., Sherlock, S. & Eren, R. H. 2006. Cretaceous and Triassic subduction-accretion, high-pressure–low-temperature metamorphism, and continental growth in the Central Pontides, Turkey. Geological Society of America Bulletin 118, 1247–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okay, N., Zack, T., Okay, A. I. & Barth, M. 2011. Sinistral transport along the Trans-European Suture Zone: detrital zircon–rutile geochronology and sandstone petrography from the Carboniferous flysch of the Pontides. Geological Magazine 148, 380–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özcan, Z., Okay, A. I., Özcan, E., Hakyemez, A. & Özkan-Altıner, S. 2012. Late Cretaceous–Eocene geological evolution of the Pontides based on new stratigraphic and palaeontologic data between the Black Sea coast and Bursa (NW Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 21, 933–60.Google Scholar
Özgül, N. 2012. Stratigraphy and some structural features of the İstanbul Palaeozoic. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 21, 817–66.Google Scholar
Robertson, A. H. F., Dixon, J. E., Brown, S., Collins, A., Morris, A., Pickett, E. A., Sharp, I. & Ustaömer, T. 1996. Alternative tectonic models for the Late Palaeozoic – Early Tertiary development of Tethys in the Eastern MediZonean region. In Palaeomagnetism and Tectonics of the Mediterranean Region (eds Morris, A. & Tarling, D. H.), pp. 239–63. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 105.Google Scholar
Robertson, A. H. F. & Ustaömer, T. 2004. Tectonic evolution of the Intra-Pontide suture zone in the Armutlu Peninsula, NW Turkey. Tectonophysics 381, 175–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, A. H. F. & Ustaömer, T. 2012. Testing alternative tectono-stratigraphic interpretations of the Late Palaeozoic–Early Mesozoic Karakaya Complex in NW Turkey: support for an accretionary origin related to northward subduction of Palaeotethys. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 21, 961–1007.Google Scholar
Robertson, A. H. F., Ustaömer, T., Pickett, E. A., Collins, A. A., Andrew, T. & Dixon, J. E. 2004. Testing models of Late Palaeozoic–Early Mesozoic orogeny in Western Turkey: support for an evolving open-Tethys model. Journal of the Geological Society, London 161, 501–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samson, S. D., D'Lemos, R. S., Miller, B. V. & Hamilton, M. A. 2005. Neoproterozoic palaeogeography of the Cadomia and Avalon zones: constraints from detrital zircon U-Pb ages. Journal of the Geological Society, London 162, 65–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayıt, K. & Göncüoğlu, M. C. 2012. Geodynamic evolution of the Karakaya Mélange Complex, Turkey. A review of geological and petrological constraints. Journal of Geodynamics, published online 10 May 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.jog.2012.04.009.Google Scholar
Schofield, D. I., Horstwood, M. S. A., Pitfield, P. E. J., Crowley, Q. G., Wilkinson, A. F. & Sidaty, H. O. 2006. Timing and kinematics of Eburnean tectonics in the central Reguibat Shield, Mauretania. Journal of the Geological Society, London 163, 549–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, A. M. C. 1984. The Cimmeride Orogenic System and the Tectonics of Eurasia. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 195, 82 pp.Google Scholar
Şengör, A. M. C. 1987. Tectonics of the Tethysides: orogenic collage development in a collisional setting. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 15, 213–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, A. M. C. & Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey, a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75, 181–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, A. M. C., Yılmaz, Y. & Ketin, İ. 1980. Remnants of a pre-Late Jurassic ocean in northern Turkey, fragments of Permo-Triassic Paleo-Tethys? Geological Society of America Bulletin 91, 599–609.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shervais, J. W. 1982. Ti-V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas. Earth Planetary Science Letters 57, 101–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silantyev, S. A. 1998. Origin conditions of the mid-Atlantic Ridge plutonic complex at 13°–17°N. Petrology 6, 381–421.Google Scholar
Stampfli, G. M. 2000. Tethyan oceans. In Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area (eds Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J. A. & Piper, J. A. D.), pp. 1–23. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 173.Google Scholar
Stampfli, G. M. & Borel, G. D. 2002. A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 196, 17–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunal, G., Natal'in, B. A., Satır, M. & Toraman, E. 2006. Paleozoic magmatic events in the Strandja Massif, NW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 19, 283–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunal, G., Satır, M., Natal'in, B. A., Topuz, G. & Vonderschmidt, O. 2011. Metamorphism and diachronous cooling in a contractional orogen: the Strandja Massif, NW Turkey. Geological Magazine 148, 580–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunal, G., Satir, M., Natal'in, B. A. & Toroman, E. 2008. Paleotectonic position of the Strandja Massif and surrounding continental blocks based on zircon Pb-Pb Age studies. International Geology Review 50, 519–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thayer, T. P. 1977. Some implications of sheeted dike swarms in ophiolitic complexes. Geotectonics 11, 419–26.Google Scholar
Tokay, M. 1973. Geological observations on the North Anatolian Fault Zone between Gerede and Ilgaz. In Proceedings of North Anatolian Fault and Earthquake Symposium, pp. 12–29. Ankara: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü (MTA), Special Publication.Google Scholar
Tilton, G. R., Hopson, C. A. & Wright, J. E. 1981. Uranium-lead isotopic ages of the Samail ophiolite, Oman, with applications to Tethyan Sea ridge tectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research 86, 2763–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topuz, G., Altherr, R., Kalt, A., Satır, M., Werner, O. & Schwartz, W. H. 2004. Aluminous granulites from the Pulur Complex, NE Turkey: a case of partial melting, efficient melt extraction and crystallisation. Lithos 72, 183–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topuz, G., Altherr, R., Schwartz, W. H., Dokuz, A. & Meyer, H.-P. 2007. Variscan amphibolites-facies rocks from the Kurtoğlu metamorphic complex (Gümüşhane area, Eastern Pontides, Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences 96, 861–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topuz, G., Altherr, R., Siebel, W., Schwarz, W. H., Zack, T., Hasözbek, A., Barth, M., Satır, M. & Şen, C. 2010. Carboniferous high-potassium I-type granitoid magmatism in the Eastern Pontides: the Gümüşhane pluton (NE Turkey). Lithos 116, 92–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topuz, G., Göçmengil, G., Rolland, Y. & Çelik, Ö. F. 2012. Coexistence of the Paleo- and Neo-Tethyan accretionary complexes and problem of the Cimmerian continent in the Eastern Mediterranean: insights from the Refahiye Area (NE Turkey). In Abstracts, 65th Geological Congress of Turkey.Google Scholar
Tüysüz, O. 1999. Geology of the Cretaceous sedimentary basins of the Western Pontides. Geological Journal 34, 75–93.3.0.CO;2-S>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ustaömer, P. A. 1999. Pre-Early Ordovician Cadomian arc-type granitoids, the Bolu Massif, West Pontides, northern Turkey: geochemical evidence. International Journal of Earth Sciences 88, 2–12.Google Scholar
Ustaömer, P. A., Mundil, R. & Renne, P. R. 2005. U/Pb and Pb/Pb zircon ages for arc-related intrusions of the Bolu Massif (W Pontides, NW Turkey): evidence for Late Precambrian (Cadomian) age. Terra Nova 17, 215–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ustaömer, T. & Robertson, A. H. F. 1993. Late Palaeozoic–Early Mesozoic marginal basins along the active continental southern continental margin of Eurasia: evidence from the Central Pontides (Turkey) and adjacent regions. Geological Journal 28, 219–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ustaömer, T. & Robertson, A. H. F. 1994. Late Palaeozoic marginal basin and subduction–accretion: evidence from the Palaeotethyan Küre Complex, Central Pontides, N. Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 151, 291–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ustaömer, T. & Robertson, A. H. F. 1997. Tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the north Tethyan margin in the Central Pontides of northern Turkey. In Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region (ed. Robinson, A. G.), pp. 255–90. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 68.Google Scholar
Ustaömer, T. & Robertson, A. H. F. 1999. Geochemical evidence used to test alternative plate tectonic models for pre-Upper Jurassic (Palaeotethyan) units in the Central Pontides, N Turkey. Geological Journal 34, 25–53.3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ustaömer, P. A. & Rogers, G. 1999. The Bolu Massif: remnant of a pre-Early Ordovician active margin in the West Pontides, northern Turkey. Geological Magazine 136, 579–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ustaömer, P. A., Ustaömer, T., Gerdes, A. & Zulauf, G. 2011. Detrital zircon ages from a Lower Ordovician quartzite of the İstanbul exotic Zone (NW Turkey): evidence for Amazonian affinity. International Journal of Earth Sciences 100, 23–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ustaömer, P. A., Ustaömer, T. & Robertson, A. H. F. 2012. Ion probe U-Pb dating of the Central Sakarya basement: a peri-Gondwana terrane intruded by late Lower Carboniferous subduction/collision-related granitic rocks. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 21, 905–32.Google Scholar
Warren, C. J., Parrish, R. R., Waters, D. J. & Searle, M. P. 2005. Dating the geologic history of Oman's Semail ophiolite: insights from U–Pb geochronology. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 150, 403–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winchester, J. A. & the PACE TMR Network Team. 2002. Palaeozoic amalgamation of Central Europe: new results from recent geological and geophysical investigations. Tectonophysics 360, 5–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winchester, J. A., Pharaoh, T. C., Verniers, J., Ioane, D. & Seghedi, A. 2006. Palaeozoic accretion of Gondwana-derived Zones to the East European Craton: recognition of detached Zone fragments dispersed after collision with promontories. In European Lithosphere Dynamics (eds Stephenson, R. A. & Gee, D. G.), pp. 323–32. Geological Society of London, Memoir 32.Google Scholar
Winchester, J. A., van Staal, C. R. & Langton, J. P. 1992. The Ordovician volcanics of the Elmtree-Belledune inlier and their relationships to volcanics of the northern Miramichi Highlands, New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, 1430–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yİğİtbaş, E., Elmas, A. & Yılmaz, Y. 1999. Pre-Cenozoic tectono-stratigraphic components of the Western Pontides and their geological evolution. Geological Journal 34, 55–74.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yİğİtbaş, E., Kerrich, R., Yılmaz, Y., Elmas, A. & Xie, Q. 2004. Characteristics and geochemistry of Precambrian ophiolites and related volcanics from the İstanbul-Zonguldak Unit, northwestern Anatolia, Turkey: following the missing chain of the Precambrian south European Suture Zone to the east. Precambrian Research 132, 179–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yİğİtbaş, E., Winchester, J. A. & Ottley, C. J. 2008. The geochemistry and setting of the Demirci paragneisses of the Sünnice Massif, NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17, 421–31.Google Scholar
Yılmaz, I. 1977. The absolute age and genesis of the Sancaktepe granite (Kocaeli Peninsula). Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 20, 17–20 [in Turkish].Google Scholar
Yılmaz, O. 1980. Daday-Devrekani masifi kuzeydoğu kesimi litostratigrafi birimleri ve tektoniği [Lithostratigraphic units and tectonics of the northeastern part of the Daday-Devrekani Massif]. Yerbilimleri 5–6,101–35.Google Scholar
Yılmaz, Y. 1990. Allochthonous terranes in the Tethyan Middle East, Anatolia and surrounding regions. Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London A 331, 611–24.Google Scholar
Yılmaz, O. & Bonhomme, M. G. 1991, K-Ar isotopic age evidence for a Lower to Middle Jurassic low-pressure and a Lower Cretaceous high-pressure metamorphic events in north-central Turkey. Terra Abstracts 3, 501.Google Scholar
Yılmaz, O. & Boztuğ, D. 1986. Kastamonu granitoid belt of northern Turkey: first arc plutonism product related to the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys. Geology 14, 179–83.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yılmaz, Y., Genç, C., Yİğİtbaş, E., Bozcu, M. & Yılmaz, K. 1995. Geological evolution of the Late Mesozoic continental margin of northwestern Anatolia. Tectonophysics 243, 155–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yılmaz, Y., Gözübol, A. M. & Tüysüz, O. 1982. Geology of an area in and around the North Anatolian Transform Fault between Bolu and Akyasi. In Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Prediction (eds Işıkara, A. M. & Vogel, A.), pp. 45–67. Proceedings of International Symposium on Earthquake Prediction in the North Anatolian Fault Zone. Braunschweig: (Friedr.) Vieweg & Sohn.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yılmaz, Y., Tüysüz, O., Yİğİtbaş, E., Genç, S. C. & Şengör, A. M. C. 1997. Geology and tectonic evolution of the Pontides. In Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Pontides (ed Robinson, A. G.), pp. 183–226. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 68.Google Scholar
Zapcı, C., Akyüz, H. S. & Sunal, G. 2003. An approach to the structural evolution of the İstanbul Zone. In Proceeding of the Symposium on the Geology of the İstanbul Region, İstanbul, pp. 5–14 [in Turkish].Google Scholar