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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 October 2008
For a compact Lie group G, E. Witten proposed topological invariants of a threemanifold (quantum G-invariants) in 1988 by using the Chern-Simons functional and the Feynman path integral [30]. See also [2]. N. Yu. Reshetikhin and V. G. Turaev gave a mathematical proof of existence of such invariants for G = SU(2) [28]. R. Kirby and P. Melvin found that the quantum SU(2)-invariant associated to q = exp(2π √ − 1/r) with r odd splits into the product of the quantum SO(3)-invariant
and
[15]. For other approaches to these invariants, see [3, 4, 5, 16, 22, 27].