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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 June 2025

1 The Nigeria Labour Congress, based in Africa’s most populous country, was then (and remains) numerically larger, at over four million. However, it is weaker than COSATU, and proportionately smaller: Nigeria, with 230 million people, is over four times the size of South Africa.
2 Ian Macun, “Growth, Structure and Power in the South African Union Movement”, in Glenn Adler and Eddie Webster (eds), Trade Unions and Democratization in South Africa, 1985–1997 (Basingstoke and New York, 2000), pp. 60 Table 3.1, 65 Table 3.3.
3 Government records put union membership at 3,261,900 in 2013: Lucien van der Walt, “Rebuilding the Workers’ Movement”, Amandla, 63 (2019), pp. 24–25; also see idem, “Fragmented Labour Movement, Fragmented Labour Studies: New Directions for Research and Theory”, in Malehoko Tshoaedi, Christine Bischoff, and Andries Bezuidenhout (eds), Labour Disrupted: Reflections on the Future of Work in South Africa (Johannesburg, 2023), pp. 23–25, 29.
4 “Union membership increased from 3.5 million to over 4 million between 2013/14 and 2020/21, while the total number of registered unions increased from 203 to 220”: “Minister Thulas Nxesi addresses SATUCC Worker Congress in Gauteng”, 28 October 2022, press statement, Department of Labour, Republic of South Africa.
5 M.A. Du Toit, South African Trade Unions: History, Legislation, Policy (Johannesburg, 1976), p. 72.
6 Nicole Ulrich, “A History of FEDUSA”, Research report for the Federation of Unions of South Africa (FEDUSA) (2022). Unpublished.
7 Republished in English, and expanded, as Wessel Visser, A History of the South African Mine Workers’ Union, 1902–2014 (Lewiston, NY, 2016).
8 See Jantjie Xaba, “Social Capital Unionism and Empowerment: A Case of Solidarity Union at ArcelorMittal Vanderbijlpark”, in Tshoaedi et al., Labour Disrupted, pp. 205–228.
9 In Jason Hickel, Democracy as Death: The Moral Order of Anti-Liberal Politics in South Africa (Oakland, CA, 2015).